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Assessing Heat-Related Mortality Risks among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Evidence

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  • Emmanuel A. Odame

    (Department of Environmental Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA)

  • Ying Li

    (Department of Environmental Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA)

  • Shimin Zheng

    (Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA)

  • Ambarish Vaidyanathan

    (National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Ken Silver

    (Department of Environmental Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA)

Abstract

Most epidemiological studies of high temperature effects on mortality have focused on urban settings, while heat-related health risks in rural areas remain underexplored. To date there has been no meta-analysis of epidemiologic literature concerning heat-related mortality in rural settings. This study aims to systematically review the current literature for assessing heat-related mortality risk among rural populations. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify articles published up to April 2018. Key selection criteria included study location, health endpoints, and study design. Fourteen studies conducted in rural areas in seven countries on four continents met the selection criteria, and eleven were included in the meta-analysis. Using the random effects model, the pooled estimates of relative risks (RRs) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were 1.030 (95% CI: 1.013, 1.048) and 1.111 (95% CI: 1.045, 1.181) per 1 °C increase in daily mean temperature, respectively. We found excess risks in rural settings not to be smaller than risks in urban settings. Our results suggest that rural populations, like urban populations, are also vulnerable to heat-related mortality. Further evaluation of heat-related mortality among rural populations is warranted to develop public health interventions in rural communities.

Suggested Citation

  • Emmanuel A. Odame & Ying Li & Shimin Zheng & Ambarish Vaidyanathan & Ken Silver, 2018. "Assessing Heat-Related Mortality Risks among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Evidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-15, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:8:p:1597-:d:160442
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Kai Xin & Jingyuan Zhao & Tianhui Wang & Weijun Gao, 2022. "Supporting Design to Develop Rural Revitalization through Investigating Village Microclimate Environments: A Case Study of Typical Villages in Northwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-20, July.
    3. Pablo De Gea Grela & Diego Sánchez-González & Lorena Patricia Gallardo Peralta, 2024. "Urban and Rural Environments and Their Implications for Older Adults’ Adaptation to Heat Waves: A Systematic Review," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-29, August.
    4. Andrea Conti & Martina Valente & Matteo Paganini & Marco Farsoni & Luca Ragazzoni & Francesco Barone-Adesi, 2022. "Knowledge Gaps and Research Priorities on the Health Effects of Heatwaves: A Systematic Review of Reviews," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-16, May.

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