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Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis in China (2003–2015): Implications for Prevention and Control Policies

Author

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  • Bin Zhu

    (School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China
    Department of Public Policy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China)

  • Jinlin Liu

    (School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China)

  • Yang Fu

    (College of Management, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen 518060, China)

  • Bo Zhang

    (School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China)

  • Ying Mao

    (School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China)

Abstract

Viral hepatitis, as one of the most serious notifiable infectious diseases in China, takes heavy tolls from the infected and causes a severe economic burden to society, yet few studies have systematically explored the spatio-temporal epidemiology of viral hepatitis in China. This study aims to explore, visualize and compare the epidemiologic trends and spatial changing patterns of different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, E and unspecified, based on the classification of CDC) at the provincial level in China. The growth rates of incidence are used and converted to box plots to visualize the epidemiologic trends, with the linear trend being tested by chi-square linear by linear association test. Two complementary spatial cluster methods are used to explore the overall agglomeration level and identify spatial clusters: spatial autocorrelation analysis (measured by global and local Moran’s I) and space-time scan analysis. Based on the spatial autocorrelation analysis, the hotspots of hepatitis A remain relatively stable and gradually shrunk, with Yunnan and Sichuan successively moving out the high-high (HH) cluster area. The HH clustering feature of hepatitis B in China gradually disappeared with time. However, the HH cluster area of hepatitis C has gradually moved towards the west, while for hepatitis E, the provincial units around the Yangtze River Delta region have been revealing HH cluster features since 2005. The space-time scan analysis also indicates the distinct spatial changing patterns of different types of viral hepatitis in China. It is easy to conclude that there is no one-size-fits-all plan for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in all the provincial units. An effective response requires a package of coordinated actions, which should vary across localities regarding the spatial-temporal epidemic dynamics of each type of virus and the specific conditions of each provincial unit.

Suggested Citation

  • Bin Zhu & Jinlin Liu & Yang Fu & Bo Zhang & Ying Mao, 2018. "Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis in China (2003–2015): Implications for Prevention and Control Policies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:4:p:661-:d:139163
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yi Hu & Chenglong Xiong & Zhijie Zhang & Can Luo & Ted Cohen & Jie Gao & Lijuan Zhang & Qingwu Jiang, 2014. "Changing Patterns of Spatial Clustering of Schistosomiasis in Southwest China between 1999–2001 and 2007–2008: Assessing Progress toward Eradication after the World Bank Loan Project," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-12, January.
    2. Bin Zhu & Yang Fu & Jinlin Liu & Ying Mao, 2017. "Notifiable Sexually Transmitted Infections in China: Epidemiologic Trends and Spatial Changing Patterns," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-16, October.
    3. Manfred M. Fischer & Daniel A. Griffith, 2008. "Modeling Spatial Autocorrelation In Spatial Interaction Data: An Application To Patent Citation Data In The European Union," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(5), pages 969-989, December.
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    Cited by:

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    3. Congcong Yan & Yijuan Chen & Ziping Miao & Shuwen Qin & Hua Gu & Jian Cai, 2018. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Bacillary Dysentery from 2005 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-14, August.
    4. Ying Mao & Rongxin He & Bin Zhu & Jinlin Liu & Ning Zhang, 2020. "Notifiable Respiratory Infectious Diseases in China: A Spatial–Temporal Epidemiology Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-15, March.
    5. Sami Ullah & Hanita Daud & Sarat C. Dass & Hadi Fanaee-T & Husnul Kausarian & Alamgir, 2020. "Space-Time Clustering Characteristics of Tuberculosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan, 2015–2019," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-10, February.
    6. Tingting Li & Shu Su & Yong Zhao & Runze Deng & Mingyue Fan & Ruoxi Wang & Manoj Sharma & Huan Zeng, 2019. "Barriers to the Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in the Community of Southwestern China: A Qualitative Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-11, January.
    7. Antonio López-Quílez, 2019. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Infectious Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-2, February.
    8. Hua Zhu & Han Zhao & Rong Ou & Haiyan Xiang & Ling Hu & Dan Jing & Manoj Sharma & Mengliang Ye, 2019. "Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Analysis of Mumps from 2004 to 2018 in Chongqing, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-14, August.

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