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Food Sources of Energy and Macronutrient Intakes among Infants from 6 to 12 Months of Age: The Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) Study

Author

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  • Shan-Xuan Lim

    (Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore
    Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
    Both authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jia-Ying Toh

    (Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore
    Both authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Linde Van Lee

    (Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore)

  • Wee-Meng Han

    (Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore)

  • Lynette Pei-Chi Shek

    (Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore
    Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
    Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore)

  • Kok-Hian Tan

    (Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
    Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore)

  • Fabian Yap

    (Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
    Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
    Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore)

  • Keith M. Godfrey

    (MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit & NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK)

  • Yap-Seng Chong

    (Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore)

  • Mary Foong-Fong Chong

    (Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore
    Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore
    Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centre for Translational Medicine, Medical Drive #07-02, MD 6 Building, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore)

Abstract

Adequate nutrition during complementary feeding is important for the growth, development and well-being of children. We aim to examine the energy and macronutrient intake composition and their main food sources in a mother–offspring cohort study in Singapore. The diets of infants were assessed by 24 h dietary recalls or food diaries collected from mothers when their offspring were 6 (n = 760), 9 (n = 893) and 12 (n = 907) months of age. Food sources of energy and macronutrients were determined using the population proportion methodology. Energy intakes per day (kcal; mean (standard deviation, SD)) of these infants were 640 (158) at 6 months, 675 (173) at 9 months, and 761 (208) at 12 months. Infant formula, breastmilk and infant cereals were the top three food sources of energy and macronutrient intakes in infants through the period 6 to 12 months. Other main energy and carbohydrate sources at 9 and 12 months of age were rice porridge, infant biscuits and fresh fruits, while fish, red meat and eggs were the other main protein and total fat sources. Breast-fed and mixed-fed infants had a more varied diet as compared to formula-fed infants. Formula-fed infants had consistently higher protein and lower total fat consumption compared to those who were breastfed. An understanding of these main food sources during complementary feeding can inform local dietary recommendations and policies.

Suggested Citation

  • Shan-Xuan Lim & Jia-Ying Toh & Linde Van Lee & Wee-Meng Han & Lynette Pei-Chi Shek & Kok-Hian Tan & Fabian Yap & Keith M. Godfrey & Yap-Seng Chong & Mary Foong-Fong Chong, 2018. "Food Sources of Energy and Macronutrient Intakes among Infants from 6 to 12 Months of Age: The Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:3:p:488-:d:135667
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Michael Ponza & Barbara Devaney & Paula Ziegler & Kathleen Reidy & Cathie Squatrito, "undated". "Nutrient Intakes and Food Choices of Infants and Toddlers Participating in WIC," Mathematica Policy Research Reports eddfeb032ce0424ea0e22745f, Mathematica Policy Research.
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