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Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure

Author

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  • Annette M. Krais

    (Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden)

  • Christina Andersen

    (Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden)

  • Axel C. Eriksson

    (Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden)

  • Eskil Johnsson

    (Truly Labs AB, Medicon Village, SE-22381 Lund, Sweden)

  • Jörn Nielsen

    (Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden)

  • Joakim Pagels

    (Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden)

  • Anders Gudmundsson

    (Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden)

  • Christian H. Lindh

    (Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden)

  • Aneta Wierzbicka

    (Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden)

Abstract

Phthalate esters are suspected endocrine disruptors that are found in a wide range of applications. The aim of this study was to determine the excretion of urinary metabolites in 16 individuals after inhalation and/or dermal exposure to 100–300 µg/m 3 of deuterium-labelled diethyl phthalate (D 4 -DEP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (D 4 -DEHP). Dermal exposure in this study represents a case with clean clothing acting as a barrier. After inhalation, D 4 -DEP and D 4 -DEHP metabolites were excreted rapidly, though inter-individual variation was high. D 4 -DEP excretion peaked 3.3 h (T½ of 2.1 h) after combined inhalation and dermal exposure, with total excreted metabolite levels ranging from 0.055 to 2.351 nmol/nmol/m 3 (nmol of urinary metabolites per phthalates air concentration in (nmol/m 3 )). After dermal exposure to D 4 -DEP, metabolite excretion peaked 4.6 h (T½ of 2.7 h) after exposure, with excreted metabolite levels in between 0.017 and 0.223 nmol/nmol/m 3 . After combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D 4 -DEHP, the excretion of all five analysed metabolites peaked after 4.7 h on average (T½ of 4.8 h), and metabolite levels ranged from 0.072 to 1.105 nmol/nmol/m 3 between participants. No dermal uptake of particle phase D 4 -DEHP was observed. In conclusion, the average excreted levels of metabolites after combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D 4 -DEP was three times higher than after combined exposure to D 4 -DEHP; and nine times higher than after dermal exposure of D 4 -DEP. This study was made possible due to the use of novel approaches, i.e., the use of labelled phthalate esters to avoid the background concentration, and innovative technique of phthalate generation, both in the particle and the gas phase.

Suggested Citation

  • Annette M. Krais & Christina Andersen & Axel C. Eriksson & Eskil Johnsson & Jörn Nielsen & Joakim Pagels & Anders Gudmundsson & Christian H. Lindh & Aneta Wierzbicka, 2018. "Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-14, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:11:p:2514-:d:181777
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Te-I Weng & Mei-Huei Chen & Guang-Wen Lien & Pai-Shan Chen & Jasper Chia-Cheng Lin & Cheng-Chung Fang & Pau-Chung Chen, 2017. "Effects of Gender on the Association of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites with Thyroid Hormones in Children: A Prospective Cohort Study in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-23, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lidia Caporossi & Paola Viganò & Enrico Paci & Silvia Capanna & Alessandra Alteri & Daniela Pigini & Giovanna Tranfo & Bruno Papaleo, 2022. "A Case–Control Study on the Effects of Plasticizers Exposure on Male Fertility," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Ya-Ling Shih & Chia-Jung Hsieh & Tso-Ying Lee & Pei-Hung Liao & Hao-Ting Wu & Chieh-Yu Liu, 2022. "Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Taiwan Biobank Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-18, August.
    3. Tingting Ma & Wei Zhou & Like Chen & Peter Christie & Yongming Luo & Peng Wu, 2019. "Phthalate Ester Contamination in Intensively Managed Greenhouse Facilities and the Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk: A Regional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-20, August.

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