IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v16y2019i16p2818-d255550.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Phthalate Ester Contamination in Intensively Managed Greenhouse Facilities and the Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk: A Regional Study

Author

Listed:
  • Tingting Ma

    (Institute of Hanjiang, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
    Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China)

  • Wei Zhou

    (School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China)

  • Like Chen

    (Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shanghai 200062, China)

  • Peter Christie

    (Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China)

  • Yongming Luo

    (Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China)

  • Peng Wu

    (Jiangsu Rainfine Environmental Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China)

Abstract

The contamination status and the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks from six phthalate esters (PAEs), nominated as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), were investigated in 40 typical greenhouses in three large-scale intensive greenhouse production areas in Jingmen city, Hubei province, central China. The total concentrations of PAEs in 40 soil samples and 80 vegetable samples ranged from 919 ± 134 to 7015 ± 475 µg kg −1 (dry weight, DW), and from 387 ± 63, to 11,683 ± 1313 µg kg −1 (DW), respectively. No carcinogenic risk was detected. The heat-map of the hazard quotient (HQ) values indicates the non-carcinogenic risks to children from di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), at two sampling sites out of the 40, and from diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (20 to young children and three to older children and adults) at 23 of the sites. The contamination risk from PAEs at Pengdun is of concern because only two of the 14 sampling sites selected there showed the non-carcinogenic risk to humans was unclear. The results of this study help to close a long-term knowledge gap resulting from a shortage of experimental data on PAE contamination in intensive greenhouse vegetable production in central China. The inclusion of DEHP in the Chinese list of priority pollutants is recommended, due to its increasing contamination and risk. This study provides valuable information for protected agricultural soil management and risk avoidance. It is a timely reminder to take PAE contamination and associated health risks into consideration, during the planning and introduction of intensively-managed greenhouse production systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Tingting Ma & Wei Zhou & Like Chen & Peter Christie & Yongming Luo & Peng Wu, 2019. "Phthalate Ester Contamination in Intensively Managed Greenhouse Facilities and the Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk: A Regional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:16:p:2818-:d:255550
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/16/2818/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/16/2818/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Luca Nizzetto & Sindre Langaas & Martyn Futter, 2016. "Pollution: Do microplastics spill on to farm soils?," Nature, Nature, vol. 537(7621), pages 488-488, September.
    2. Tan Ma & Xiaoqin Yin & Ruitong Han & Jie Ding & Huan Zhang & Xiaodong Han & Dongmei Li, 2017. "Effects of In Utero Exposure to Di-n-Butyl Phthalate on Testicular Development in Rat," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-12, October.
    3. Annette M. Krais & Christina Andersen & Axel C. Eriksson & Eskil Johnsson & Jörn Nielsen & Joakim Pagels & Anders Gudmundsson & Christian H. Lindh & Aneta Wierzbicka, 2018. "Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-14, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Matthew Chekwube Enebe & Mariana Erasmus, 2023. "Symbiosis—A Perspective on the Effects of Host Traits and Environmental Parameters in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Richness, Colonization and Ecological Functions," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-28, September.
    2. Yuanhao Yue & Xiaohui Li & Zhenggui Wei & Tongyu Zhang & Huanli Wang & Xi Huang & Shijie Tang, 2023. "Recent Advances on Multilevel Effects of Micro(Nano)Plastics and Coexisting Pollutants on Terrestrial Soil-Plants System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-23, March.
    3. Ya-Ling Shih & Chia-Jung Hsieh & Tso-Ying Lee & Pei-Hung Liao & Hao-Ting Wu & Chieh-Yu Liu, 2022. "Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Taiwan Biobank Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-18, August.
    4. Xiaoting Yang & Wei Fan & Jinggui Wu & Yan Lv & Wenyue Zhu & Hongguang Cai, 2023. "Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Residual Film in Soil Profile under Continuous Film Mulching," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-10, November.
    5. Ling Guo & Jia-Jin Lin & Yi-Zhe Xue & Guang-Zhou An & Jun-Ping Zhang & Ke-Ying Zhang & Wei He & Huan Wang & Wei Li & Gui-Rong Ding, 2019. "Effects of 220 MHz Pulsed Modulated Radiofrequency Field on the Sperm Quality in Rats," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-12, April.
    6. Lidia Caporossi & Paola Viganò & Enrico Paci & Silvia Capanna & Alessandra Alteri & Daniela Pigini & Giovanna Tranfo & Bruno Papaleo, 2022. "A Case–Control Study on the Effects of Plasticizers Exposure on Male Fertility," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.
    7. Gaya Herrington, 2021. "Update to limits to growth: Comparing the World3 model with empirical data," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(3), pages 614-626, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:16:p:2818-:d:255550. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.