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Effects of Gender on the Association of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites with Thyroid Hormones in Children: A Prospective Cohort Study in Taiwan

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  • Te-I Weng

    (Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
    Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
    Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan)

  • Mei-Huei Chen

    (Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 10055, Taiwan)

  • Guang-Wen Lien

    (Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 10055, Taiwan)

  • Pai-Shan Chen

    (Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
    Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan)

  • Jasper Chia-Cheng Lin

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan)

  • Cheng-Chung Fang

    (Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
    Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan)

  • Pau-Chung Chen

    (Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
    Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
    Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health,Taipei 10055, Taiwan)

Abstract

Phthalates are considered endocrine disruptors. Our study assessed the gender-specific effects of phthalate exposure on thyroid function in children. In total, 189 Taiwanese children were enrolled in the study. One-spot urine and blood samples were collected for analyzing 12 phthalate metabolites in urine and thyroid hormones. The association between urinary phthalate metabolites and serum thyroid hormones was determined using a generalized linear model with a log link function; the children were categorized into groups for analysis according to the 33rd and 66th percentiles. The data were stratified according to gender and adjusted for a priori defined covariates. In girls, a positive association existed between urinary di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate) and free thyroxine (T4). In boys, urinary dibutyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites (mono-i-butyl phthalate and mono-n-butyl phthalate) were positively associated with free triiodothyronine (T3). After categorizing each exposure into three groups, urinary DEHP metabolites were positively associated with free T3 levels in boys. Our results suggested that DEHP is associated with free T4 in girls and that DBP is associated with free T3 in boys. Higher DEHP metabolite concentrations exerted larger effects on free T3 in boys. These results reveal the gender-specific relationships between phthalate metabolites and thyroid hormones.

Suggested Citation

  • Te-I Weng & Mei-Huei Chen & Guang-Wen Lien & Pai-Shan Chen & Jasper Chia-Cheng Lin & Cheng-Chung Fang & Pau-Chung Chen, 2017. "Effects of Gender on the Association of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites with Thyroid Hormones in Children: A Prospective Cohort Study in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-23, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:2:p:123-:d:89059
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Peter Wallner & Michael Kundi & Philipp Hohenblum & Sigrid Scharf & Hans-Peter Hutter, 2016. "Phthalate Metabolites, Consumer Habits and Health Effects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-10, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Francesca Gorini & Giorgio Iervasi & Alessio Coi & Letizia Pitto & Fabrizio Bianchi, 2018. "The Role of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Thyroid Carcinogenesis: Is It a Weak Hypothesis or a Hidden Reality? From Facts to New Perspectives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-24, August.
    2. Liujia Fan & Lixin Wang & Kexin Wang & Fang Liu & Gang Wang, 2022. "Phthalates in Glass Window Films of Chinese University Dormitories and Their Associations with Indoor Decorating Materials and Personal Care Products," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-12, November.
    3. Annette M. Krais & Christina Andersen & Axel C. Eriksson & Eskil Johnsson & Jörn Nielsen & Joakim Pagels & Anders Gudmundsson & Christian H. Lindh & Aneta Wierzbicka, 2018. "Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-14, November.

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