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Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Human Erythrocytes: Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectral Investigations

Author

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  • Mohamad S. AlSalhi

    (Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
    Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Sandhanasamy Devanesan

    (Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
    Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Khalid E. AlZahrani

    (Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
    King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 1451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mashael AlShebly

    (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Fatima Al-Qahtani

    (Hematology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Karim Farhat

    (Cancer Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Vadivel Masilamani

    (Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
    Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disease indicated by high sugar levels in the blood over a prolonged period. When left untreated, it can lead to long-term complications, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetic retinopathy or foot ulcers. Approximately 415 million people (about 8.3% of the world’s population) had diabetes worldwide in 2015, with 90% of the cases classified as Type 2 DM, which is caused by insulin resistance that arises mostly from being overweight and from a lack of exercise. DM affects every part of the body, including the erythrocytes. The aim of the present report is to gain insight into the damage done to the erythrocytes of patients classified with pre-diabetes and diabetes (plenty are found in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a country where young people encompass a large segment of the population). The study presents results on the morphological analysis of erythrocytes by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and molecular investigations by fluorescence spectroscopy (FS). Our results indicate significant differences (in the morphology, size, and hemolytic end products) between the erythrocytes of diabetic patients (HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin, levels of 8–10%) and normal controls. It is well-known that DM and smoking are two major contributory factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and our observations presented in this study suggest that diabetes plays a relatively less damaging role than smoking for CVD.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohamad S. AlSalhi & Sandhanasamy Devanesan & Khalid E. AlZahrani & Mashael AlShebly & Fatima Al-Qahtani & Karim Farhat & Vadivel Masilamani, 2018. "Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Human Erythrocytes: Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectral Investigations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-12, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:11:p:2368-:d:178453
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Athanasios Valavanidis & Thomais Vlachogianni & Konstantinos Fiotakis, 2009. "Tobacco Smoke: Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species and Stable Free Radicals in Mechanisms of Oxidative Damage, Carcinogenesis and Synergistic Effects with Other Respirable Particles," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-18, February.
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