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Use of Principal Components Analysis and Kriging to Predict Groundwater-Sourced Rural Drinking Water Quality in Saskatchewan

Author

Listed:
  • Lianne McLeod

    (Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada)

  • Lalita Bharadwaj

    (School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada)

  • Tasha Epp

    (Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada)

  • Cheryl L. Waldner

    (Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada)

Abstract

Groundwater drinking water supply surveillance data were accessed to summarize water quality delivered as public and private water supplies in southern Saskatchewan as part of an exposure assessment for epidemiologic analyses of associations between water quality and type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Arsenic in drinking water has been linked to a variety of chronic diseases and previous studies have identified multiple wells with arsenic above the drinking water standard of 0.01 mg/L; therefore, arsenic concentrations were of specific interest. Principal components analysis was applied to obtain principal component (PC) scores to summarize mixtures of correlated parameters identified as health standards and those identified as aesthetic objectives in the Saskatchewan Drinking Water Quality Standards and Objective. Ordinary, universal, and empirical Bayesian kriging were used to interpolate arsenic concentrations and PC scores in southern Saskatchewan, and the results were compared. Empirical Bayesian kriging performed best across all analyses, based on having the greatest number of variables for which the root mean square error was lowest. While all of the kriging methods appeared to underestimate high values of arsenic and PC scores, empirical Bayesian kriging was chosen to summarize large scale geographic trends in groundwater-sourced drinking water quality and assess exposure to mixtures of trace metals and ions.

Suggested Citation

  • Lianne McLeod & Lalita Bharadwaj & Tasha Epp & Cheryl L. Waldner, 2017. "Use of Principal Components Analysis and Kriging to Predict Groundwater-Sourced Rural Drinking Water Quality in Saskatchewan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-25, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:9:p:1065-:d:112153
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gemma Dunn & Karen Bakker & Leila Harris, 2014. "Drinking Water Quality Guidelines across Canadian Provinces and Territories: Jurisdictional Variation in the Context of Decentralized Water Governance," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-18, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yinghui Li & Shuaijin Huang & Xuexin Qu, 2017. "Water Pollution Prediction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and Countermeasures for Sustainable Development of the Water Environment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Carina Skaarup & Kirstine Wodschow & Denitza D. Voutchkova & Jörg Schullehner & Ole Raaschou-Nielsen & Helle Raun Andersen & Birgitte Hansen & Annette Kjær Ersbøll, 2022. "Geographical Distribution and Pattern of Pesticides in Danish Drinking Water 2002–2018: Reducing Data Complexity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-18, January.

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