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Geographical Distribution and Pattern of Pesticides in Danish Drinking Water 2002–2018: Reducing Data Complexity

Author

Listed:
  • Carina Skaarup

    (National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark)

  • Kirstine Wodschow

    (National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark)

  • Denitza D. Voutchkova

    (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), C.F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark)

  • Jörg Schullehner

    (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), C.F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
    Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Environment, Work and Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark)

  • Ole Raaschou-Nielsen

    (Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
    Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark)

  • Helle Raun Andersen

    (Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Envinronmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 17A, 5000 Odense, Denmark)

  • Birgitte Hansen

    (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), C.F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark)

  • Annette Kjær Ersbøll

    (National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark)

Abstract

Pesticides are a large and heterogenous group of chemicals with a complex geographic distribution in the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore the geographic distribution of pesticides in Danish drinking water and identify potential patterns in the grouping of pesticides. Our data included 899,169 analyses of 167 pesticides and metabolites, of which 55 were identified above the detection limit. Pesticide patterns were defined by (1) pesticide groups based on chemical structure and pesticide–metabolite relations and (2) an exploratory factor analysis identifying underlying patterns of related pesticides within waterworks. The geographic distribution was evaluated by mapping the pesticide categories for groups and factor components, namely those detected, quantified, above quality standards, and not analysed. We identified five and seven factor components for the periods 2002–2011 and 2012–2018, respectively. In total, 16 pesticide groups were identified, of which six were representative in space and time with regards to the number of waterworks and analyses, namely benzothiazinone, benzonitriles, organophosphates, phenoxy herbicides, triazines, and triazinones. Pesticide mapping identified areas where multiple pesticides were detected, indicating areas with a higher pesticide burden. The results contribute to a better understanding of the pesticide pattern in Danish drinking water and may contribute to exposure assessments for future epidemiological studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Carina Skaarup & Kirstine Wodschow & Denitza D. Voutchkova & Jörg Schullehner & Ole Raaschou-Nielsen & Helle Raun Andersen & Birgitte Hansen & Annette Kjær Ersbøll, 2022. "Geographical Distribution and Pattern of Pesticides in Danish Drinking Water 2002–2018: Reducing Data Complexity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-18, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:2:p:823-:d:723123
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lianne McLeod & Lalita Bharadwaj & Tasha Epp & Cheryl L. Waldner, 2017. "Use of Principal Components Analysis and Kriging to Predict Groundwater-Sourced Rural Drinking Water Quality in Saskatchewan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-25, September.
    2. Jihye Kim & Michael D. Swartz & Peter H. Langlois & Paul A. Romitti & Peter Weyer & Laura E. Mitchell & Thomas J. Luben & Anushuya Ramakrishnan & Sadia Malik & Philip J. Lupo & Marcia L. Feldkamp & Ro, 2017. "Estimated Maternal Pesticide Exposure from Drinking Water and Heart Defects in Offspring," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-17, August.
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