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Water Access, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions and Health Outcomes among Two Settlement Types in Rural Far North Cameroon

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  • Tyler J. Gorham

    (Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA)

  • Joshua Yoo

    (Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA)

  • Rebecca Garabed

    (Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA)

  • Arabi Mouhaman

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, The Higher Institute of the Sahel, University of Maroua, Maroua BP 46, Far North Region, Cameroon)

  • Jiyoung Lee

    (Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
    Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA)

Abstract

The Far North region in Cameroon has been more heavily impacted by cholera than any other region over the past decade, but very little has been done to study the drivers of waterborne diseases in the region. We investigated the relationship between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) parameters, microbial and antibiotic resistance (AR) contamination levels in drinking water, and health outcomes using health survey and molecular analysis during June and July of 2014 in two settlement types (agro-pastoralist villages and transhumant pastoralist camps). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine fecal contamination sources, enteric pathogens, and antibiotic resistance genes. Ruminant-associated fecal contamination was widespread in both settlement types (81.2%), with human-associated contamination detected in 21.7% of the samples. Salmonella spp. (59.4%) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli ( stx 1 44.9% and stx 2 31.9%) were detected across all samples. Tetracycline resistance was found only in village samples. A significant difference in diarrheal incidence within the past 28 days among young children was found between camps (31.3%) and villages (0.0%). Our findings suggest that water contamination may play an important role in contributing to gastrointestinal illness, supporting the need for future research and public health intervention to reduce gastrointestinal illness in the area.

Suggested Citation

  • Tyler J. Gorham & Joshua Yoo & Rebecca Garabed & Arabi Mouhaman & Jiyoung Lee, 2017. "Water Access, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions and Health Outcomes among Two Settlement Types in Rural Far North Cameroon," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-12, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:4:p:441-:d:96297
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. United Nations UN, 2015. "The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015," Working Papers id:7097, eSocialSciences.
    2. Jessica M. Healy Profitós & Arabi Mouhaman & Seungjun Lee & Rebecca Garabed & Mark Moritz & Barbara Piperata & Joe Tien & Michael Bisesi & Jiyoung Lee, 2014. "Muddying the Waters: A New Area of Concern for Drinking Water Contamination in Cameroon," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-19, November.
    3. United Nations UN, 2015. "The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015," Working Papers id:7222, eSocialSciences.
    4. Sabrina Sorlini & Daniela Palazzini & Joseph M. Sieliechi & Martin B. Ngassoum, 2013. "Assessment of Physical-Chemical Drinking Water Quality in the Logone Valley (Chad-Cameroon)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 5(7), pages 1-17, July.
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