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Prevalence and Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Determinants of Anemia during Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of Pregnant Women in China

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  • Xianglong Xu

    (School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
    Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
    Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China)

  • Sheng Liu

    (School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
    Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
    Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China)

  • Yunshuang Rao

    (School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China)

  • Zumin Shi

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia)

  • LianLian Wang

    (The Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
    Department of Reproduction Health and Infertility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
    Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China)

  • Manoj Sharma

    (Department of Behavioral and Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39213, USA)

  • Yong Zhao

    (School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
    Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
    Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China)

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess the differences regarding anemia among pregnant women with diverse characteristics and lifestyle factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study of pregnant women was conducted between June and August 2015 in 16 hospitals in five provinces of Mainland China. Self-reported doctor-diagnosed anemia was used in the study. Results: We included 2345 pregnant women. Of the participants, 1755 (74.8%) were pregnant women of first pregnancy (PWFP) and 590 (25.2%) were second pregnancy (PWSP). The mean age of the participants was 28.1 years (SD 4.1). Overall, the prevalence of anemia was 12.7% (13.4% and 10.7% among PWFP and PWSP, respectively). The prevalence for not eating breakfast was 11.0%. Compared with PWFP, PWSP was inversely associated with the risk of anemia (odds ratio (OR) 0.66, 95% CI 0.48–0.91). Compared with those being registered in a low ranking hospital, pregnant women who were admitted to a high (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.28–0.57) or a medium ranking hospital (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37–0.92) were inversely associated with the risk of anemia. Compared with women of low income (<¥4,500), those with high income were less likely to have anemia (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50–0.94). Compared with women with non-manual jobs, women with manual jobs (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.17–2.45) and unemployed women (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.04–1.93) were associated with a greater likelihood of suffering from anemia. Conclusions: Pregnant women not eating breakfast are of concern. Anemia is highly prevalent among pregnant women in China. Lower socio-economic status, manual jobs, PWFP, and those who attend a lower quality hospital have a greater likelihood of suffering from anemia. Tailored interventions are needed to address these issues.

Suggested Citation

  • Xianglong Xu & Sheng Liu & Yunshuang Rao & Zumin Shi & LianLian Wang & Manoj Sharma & Yong Zhao, 2016. "Prevalence and Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Determinants of Anemia during Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of Pregnant Women in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-9, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:9:p:908-:d:78125
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xianglong Xu & Lingli Liu & Manoj Sharma & Yong Zhao, 2015. "Smoking-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviors, Smoking Cessation Idea and Education Level among Young Adult Male Smokers in Chongqing, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Backlund, Eric & Sorlie, Paul D. & Johnson, Norman J., 1999. "A comparison of the relationships of education and income with mortality: the national longitudinal mortality study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 49(10), pages 1373-1384, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Xianglong Xu & Ying Liu & Dengyuan Liu & Xiaoming Li & Yunshuang Rao & Manoj Sharma & Yong Zhao, 2017. "Prevalence and Determinants of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Xianglong Xu & Dengyuan Liu & Yunshuang Rao & Huan Zeng & Fan Zhang & Lu Wang & Yaojie Xie & Manoj Sharma & Yong Zhao, 2018. "Prolonged Screen Viewing Times and Sociodemographic Factors among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-16, February.

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