IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v13y2016i9p881-d77383.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Environmental Exposures and Parkinson’s Disease

Author

Listed:
  • Sirisha Nandipati

    (Department of Neurosciences Movement Disorders Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA)

  • Irene Litvan

    (Department of Neurosciences Movement Disorders Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA)

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects millions around the world. The Braak hypothesis proposes that in PD a pathologic agent may penetrate the nervous system via the olfactory bulb, gut, or both and spreads throughout the nervous system. The agent is unknown, but several environmental exposures have been associated with PD. Here, we summarize and examine the evidence for such environmental exposures. We completed a comprehensive review of human epidemiologic studies of pesticides, selected industrial compounds, and metals and their association with PD in PubMed and Google Scholar until April 2016. Most studies show that rotenone and paraquat are linked to increased PD risk and PD-like neuropathology. Organochlorines have also been linked to PD in human and laboratory studies. Organophosphates and pyrethroids have limited but suggestive human and animal data linked to PD. Iron has been found to be elevated in PD brain tissue but the pathophysiological link is unclear. PD due to manganese has not been demonstrated, though a parkinsonian syndrome associated with manganese is well-documented. Overall, the evidence linking paraquat, rotenone, and organochlorines with PD appears strong; however, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and polychlorinated biphenyls require further study. The studies related to metals do not support an association with PD.

Suggested Citation

  • Sirisha Nandipati & Irene Litvan, 2016. "Environmental Exposures and Parkinson’s Disease," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-19, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:9:p:881-:d:77383
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/9/881/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/9/881/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gunnar F. Kwakye & Monica M.B. Paoliello & Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay & Aaron B. Bowman & Michael Aschner, 2015. "Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-22, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Elenice Monte Alvarenga & João Vitor Brito Oliveira & Júlia Naelly Machado Silva & Mayara Sousa dos Santos, 2022. "Secondary Data Analysis On Pesticide-Gene-Disease Relations," Environmental Contaminants Reviews (ECR), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 5(1), pages 09-14, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chao-Yan Ou & Yong-Hua He & Yi Sun & Lin Yang & Wen-Xiang Shi & Shao-Jun Li, 2019. "Effects of Sub-Acute Manganese Exposure on Thyroid Hormone and Glutamine (Gln)/Glutamate (Glu)-γ- Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Cycle in Serum of Rats," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-11, June.
    2. Shao-Jun Li & Chao-Yan Ou & Sheng-Nan He & Xiao-Wei Huang & Hai-Lan Luo & Hao-Yang Meng & Guo-Dong Lu & Yue-Ming Jiang & Tanara Vieira Peres & Yi-Ni Luo & Xiang-Fa Deng, 2017. "Sodium p -Aminosalicylic Acid Reverses Sub-Chronic Manganese-Induced Impairments of Spatial Learning and Memory Abilities in Rats, but Fails to Restore γ-Aminobutyric Acid Levels," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-15, April.
    3. Adi Pinkas & Airton Cunha Martins & Michael Aschner, 2018. "C. elegans —An Emerging Model to Study Metal-Induced RAGE-Related Pathologies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-8, July.
    4. Cyrus S.H. Ho & Roger C.M. Ho & Amy M.L. Quek, 2018. "Chronic Manganese Toxicity Associated with Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Complex Antibodies in a Relapsing Neuropsychiatric Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-8, April.
    5. Airton Cunha Martins & Patricia Morcillo & Omamuyovwi Meashack Ijomone & Vivek Venkataramani & Fiona Edith Harrison & Eunsook Lee & Aaron Blaine Bowman & Michael Aschner, 2019. "New Insights on the Role of Manganese in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-16, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:9:p:881-:d:77383. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.