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Diverse Land Use and the Impact on (Irrigation) Water Quality and Need for Measures — A Case Study of a Norwegian River

Author

Listed:
  • Gro S. Johannessen

    (Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway)

  • Aina C. Wennberg

    (Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway)

  • Ingrid Nesheim

    (Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway)

  • Ingun Tryland

    (Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway)

Abstract

Surface water is used for irrigation of food plants all over the World. Such water can be of variable hygienic quality, and can be contaminated from many different sources. The association of contaminated irrigation water with contamination of fresh produce is well established, and many outbreaks of foodborne disease associated with fresh produce consumption have been reported. The objective of the present study was to summarize the data on fecal indicators and selected bacterial pathogens to assess the level of fecal contamination of a Norwegian river used for irrigation in an area which has a high production level of various types of food commodities. Sources for fecal pollution of the river were identified. Measures implemented to reduce discharges from the wastewater sector and agriculture, and potential measures identified for future implementation are presented and discussed in relation to potential benefits and costs. It is important that the users of the water, independent of intended use, are aware of the hygienic quality and the potential interventions that may be applied. Our results suggest that contamination of surface water is a complex web of many factors and that several measures and interventions on different levels are needed to achieve a sound river and safe irrigation.

Suggested Citation

  • Gro S. Johannessen & Aina C. Wennberg & Ingrid Nesheim & Ingun Tryland, 2015. "Diverse Land Use and the Impact on (Irrigation) Water Quality and Need for Measures — A Case Study of a Norwegian River," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-23, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:12:y:2015:i:6:p:6979-7001:d:51270
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hoxie, N.J. & Davis, J.P. & Vergeront, J.M. & Nashold, R.D. & Blair, K.A., 1997. "Cryptosporidiosis-associated mortality following a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 87(12), pages 2032-2035.
    2. Gro S. Johannessen & Karl F. Eckner & Nina Heiberg & Marte Monshaugen & Mumtaz Begum & Marianne Økland & Helga R. Høgåsen, 2015. "Occurrence of Escherichia coli, Campylobcter, Salmonella and Shiga-Toxin Producing E. coli in Norwegian Primary Strawberry Production," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-14, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shibao Lu & Jianhua Wang & Liang Pei, 2016. "Study on the Effects of Irrigation with Reclaimed Water on the Content and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-10, March.
    2. Kingsley Ehi Ebomah & Martins Ajibade Adefisoye & Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh, 2018. "Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Recovered from Selected Aquatic Resources in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, and Its Significance to Public Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-10, July.
    3. Gro S. Johannessen & Karl F. Eckner & Nina Heiberg & Marte Monshaugen & Mumtaz Begum & Marianne Økland & Helga R. Høgåsen, 2015. "Occurrence of Escherichia coli, Campylobcter, Salmonella and Shiga-Toxin Producing E. coli in Norwegian Primary Strawberry Production," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-14, June.

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