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Socioeconomic Factors and Vulnerability to Outbreaks of Leptospirosis in Nicaragua

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  • Jorge Bacallao

    (University of Medical Sciences of Habana, Havana Atherosclerosis Research and Reference Center, Policlínico 19 de Abril, Tulipán y Panorama, Nuevo Velado, Plaza de la Revolución, La Habana 10600, Cuba)

  • Maria Cristina Schneider

    (Pan American Health Organization, Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, 525 23rd. St. NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA)

  • Patricia Najera

    (Pan American Health Organization, Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, 525 23rd. St. NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA)

  • Sylvain Aldighieri

    (Pan American Health Organization, Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, 525 23rd. St. NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA)

  • Aida Soto

    (Pan American Health Organization Nicaragua, P.O. Box 1309, Managua, Nicaragua)

  • Wilmer Marquiño

    (Pan American Health Organization Nicaragua, P.O. Box 1309, Managua, Nicaragua)

  • Carlos Sáenz

    (Ministry of Health of Nicaragua, Costado Oeste Colonia Primero de Mayo, P.O. Box 107, Managua, Postal Sector 15AB, Nicaragua)

  • Eduardo Jiménez

    (Ministry of Health of Nicaragua, Costado Oeste Colonia Primero de Mayo, P.O. Box 107, Managua, Postal Sector 15AB, Nicaragua)

  • Gilberto Moreno

    (Ministry of Health of Nicaragua, Costado Oeste Colonia Primero de Mayo, P.O. Box 107, Managua, Postal Sector 15AB, Nicaragua)

  • Octavio Chávez

    (Ministry of Health of Nicaragua, Costado Oeste Colonia Primero de Mayo, P.O. Box 107, Managua, Postal Sector 15AB, Nicaragua)

  • Deise I. Galan

    (Pan American Health Organization, Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, 525 23rd. St. NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA)

  • Marcos A. Espinal

    (Pan American Health Organization, Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, 525 23rd. St. NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA)

Abstract

Leptospirosis is an epidemic-prone zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide, with more than 500,000 human cases reported annually. It is influenced by environmental and socioeconomic factors that affect the occurrence of outbreaks and the incidence of the disease. Critical areas and potential drivers for leptospirosis outbreaks have been identified in Nicaragua, where several conditions converge and create an appropriate scenario for the development of leptospirosis. The objectives of this study were to explore possible socioeconomic variables related to leptospirosis critical areas and to construct and validate a vulnerability index based on municipal socioeconomic indicators. Municipalities with lower socioeconomic status (greater unsatisfied basic needs for quality of the household and for sanitary services, and higher extreme poverty and illiteracy rates) were identified with the highest leptospirosis rates. The municipalities with highest local vulnerability index should be the priority for intervention. A distinction between risk given by environmental factors and vulnerability to risk given by socioeconomic conditions was shown as important, which also applies to the “causes of outbreaks” and “causes of cases”.

Suggested Citation

  • Jorge Bacallao & Maria Cristina Schneider & Patricia Najera & Sylvain Aldighieri & Aida Soto & Wilmer Marquiño & Carlos Sáenz & Eduardo Jiménez & Gilberto Moreno & Octavio Chávez & Deise I. Galan & Ma, 2014. "Socioeconomic Factors and Vulnerability to Outbreaks of Leptospirosis in Nicaragua," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:11:y:2014:i:8:p:8301-8318:d:39244
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Johann Bacher, 2000. "A Probabilistic Clustering Model for Variables of Mixed Type," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 34(3), pages 223-235, August.
    2. Smith, Lisa C. & Haddad, Lawrence James, 2000. "Explaining child malnutrition in developing countries: a cross-country analysis," Research reports 111, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    3. Renato B Reis & Guilherme S Ribeiro & Ridalva D M Felzemburgh & Francisco S Santana & Sharif Mohr & Astrid X T O Melendez & Adriano Queiroz & Andréia C Santos & Romy R Ravines & Wagner S Tassinari & M, 2008. "Impact of Environment and Social Gradient on Leptospira Infection in Urban Slums," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 2(4), pages 1-10, April.
    4. Maria Cristina Schneider & Patricia Nájera & Sylvain Aldighieri & Jorge Bacallao & Aida Soto & Wilmer Marquiño & Lesbia Altamirano & Carlos Saenz & Jesus Marin & Eduardo Jimenez & Matthew Moynihan & M, 2012. "Leptospirosis Outbreaks in Nicaragua: Identifying Critical Areas and Exploring Drivers for Evidence-Based Planning," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-28, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Maria Cristina Schneider & Jorge Velasco-Hernandez & Kyung-duk Min & Deise Galan Leonel & David Baca-Carrasco & Matthew E. Gompper & Rudy Hartskeerl & Claudia Munoz-Zanzi, 2017. "The Use of Chemoprophylaxis after Floods to Reduce the Occurrence and Impact of Leptospirosis Outbreaks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-18, June.

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