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Identification of Health Risks of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in China Using the Geographical Detector Technique

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  • Jixia Huang

    (State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jinfeng Wang

    (State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yanchen Bo

    (School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    State Key Lab of Remote Sensing Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100094, China)

  • Chengdong Xu

    (State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China)

  • Maogui Hu

    (State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China)

  • Dacang Huang

    (School of Geographical Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)

Abstract

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease, causing thousands of deaths among children in China over the past two decades. Environmental risk factors such as meteorological factors, population factors and economic factors may affect the incidence of HFMD. In the current paper, we used a novel model—geographical detector technique to analyze the effect of these factors on the incidence of HFMD in China. We collected HFMD cases from 2,309 counties during May 2008 in China. The monthly cumulative incidence of HFMD was calculated for children aged 0–9 years. Potential risk factors included meteorological factors, economic factors, and population density factors. Four geographical detectors (risk detector, factor detector, ecological detector, and interaction detector) were used to analyze the effects of some potential risk factors on the incidence of HFMD in China. We found that tertiary industry and children exert more influence than first industry and middle school students on the incidence of HFMD. The interactive effect of any two risk factors increases the hazard for HFMD transmission.

Suggested Citation

  • Jixia Huang & Jinfeng Wang & Yanchen Bo & Chengdong Xu & Maogui Hu & Dacang Huang, 2014. "Identification of Health Risks of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in China Using the Geographical Detector Technique," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:11:y:2014:i:3:p:3407-3423:d:34255
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Eric Delmelle & Changjoo Kim & Ningchuan Xiao & Wei Chen, 2013. "Methods for Space-Time Analysis and Modeling: An Overview," International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research (IJAGR), IGI Global, vol. 4(4), pages 1-18, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Cai-Rong Lou & Hong-Yu Liu & Yu-Feng Li & Yu-Ling Li, 2016. "Socioeconomic Drivers of PM 2.5 in the Accumulation Phase of Air Pollution Episodes in the Yangtze River Delta of China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-19, September.
    2. Cheng Cui & Baohua Wang & Hongyan Ren & Zhen Wang, 2019. "Spatiotemporal Variations in Gastric Cancer Mortality and Their Relations to Influencing Factors in S County, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Heyuan You & Xin Wu & Xuxu Guo, 2020. "Distribution of COVID-19 Morbidity Rate in Association with Social and Economic Factors in Wuhan, China: Implications for Urban Development," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-14, May.
    4. Lili Wang & Qiulin Xiong & Gaofeng Wu & Atul Gautam & Jianfang Jiang & Shuang Liu & Wenji Zhao & Hongliang Guan, 2019. "Spatio-Temporal Variation Characteristics of PM 2.5 in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China, from 2013 to 2018," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-20, November.
    5. Yunlin He & Yanhua Mo & Jiangming Ma, 2022. "Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influence Mechanism of Habitat Quality in Guilin City, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-15, December.
    6. Dan Wang & Liang Kong & Zhongsheng Chen & Xia Yang & Mingliang Luo, 2022. "Physical Urban Area Identification Based on Geographical Data and Quantitative Attribution of Identification Threshold: A Case Study in Chongqing Municipality, Southwestern China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, December.
    7. Chengdong Xu, 2017. "Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Risk Factor Analysis of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Associated with Under-Five Morbidity in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region of China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-13, April.
    8. Yafei Wu & Ke Hu & Yaofeng Han & Qilin Sheng & Ya Fang, 2020. "Spatial Characteristics of Life Expectancy and Geographical Detection of Its Influencing Factors in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-15, February.
    9. Zheng Cao & Tao Liu & Xing Li & Jin Wang & Hualiang Lin & Lingling Chen & Zhifeng Wu & Wenjun Ma, 2017. "Individual and Interactive Effects of Socio-Ecological Factors on Dengue Fever at Fine Spatial Scale: A Geographical Detector-Based Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-14, July.
    10. Lan Wang & Wenyao Sun & Kaichen Zhou & Minlu Zhang & Pingping Bao, 2019. "Spatial Analysis of Built Environment Risk for Respiratory Health and Its Implication for Urban Planning: A Case Study of Shanghai," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-16, April.
    11. Han Yue & Tao Hu, 2021. "Geographical Detector-Based Spatial Modeling of the COVID-19 Mortality Rate in the Continental United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-16, June.
    12. Chao Song & Yaqian He & Yanchen Bo & Jinfeng Wang & Zhoupeng Ren & Huibin Yang, 2018. "Risk Assessment and Mapping of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease at the County Level in Mainland China Using Spatiotemporal Zero-Inflated Bayesian Hierarchical Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-16, July.
    13. Jinmeng Lee & Xiaojun Yin & Honghui Zhu & Xin Zheng, 2023. "Geographical Detector-Based Research of Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Factors of Oasification and Desertification in Manas River Basin, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-20, July.

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