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Vaccination and Clinical Severity: Is the Effectiveness of Contact Tracing and Case Isolation Hampered by Past Vaccination?

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  • Kenji Mizumoto

    (School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Level 6, Core F, Cyberport 3, 100 Cyberport Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
    Department of International Health, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine and GCOE, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan)

  • Keisuke Ejima

    (School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Level 6, Core F, Cyberport 3, 100 Cyberport Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
    Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan)

  • Taro Yamamoto

    (Department of International Health, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine and GCOE, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan)

  • Hiroshi Nishiura

    (School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Level 6, Core F, Cyberport 3, 100 Cyberport Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
    PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan)

Abstract

While contact tracing and case isolation are considered as the first choice of interventions against a smallpox bioterrorist event, their effectiveness under vaccination is questioned, because not only susceptibility of host and infectiousness of case but also the risk of severe clinical manifestations among cases is known to be reduced by vaccine-induced immunity, thereby potentially delaying the diagnosis and increasing mobility among vaccinated cases. We employed a multi-type stochastic epidemic model, aiming to assess the feasibility of contact tracing and case isolation in a partially vaccinated population and identify data gaps. We computed four epidemiological outcome measures, i.e. , (i) the threshold of a major epidemic under the interventions; (ii) the expected total number of cases; (iii) the probability of extinction, and (iv) the expected duration of an outbreak, demonstrating that all of these outcomes critically depend on the clinical impact of past vaccination on the diagnosis and movement of vaccinated cases. We discuss that, even in the absence of smallpox in the present day, one should consider the way to empirically quantify the delay in case detection and an increase in the frequency of contacts among previously vaccinated cases compared to unvaccinated during the early stage of an epidemic so that the feasibility of contact tracing and case isolation in a vaccinated population can be explicitly assessed.

Suggested Citation

  • Kenji Mizumoto & Keisuke Ejima & Taro Yamamoto & Hiroshi Nishiura, 2013. "Vaccination and Clinical Severity: Is the Effectiveness of Contact Tracing and Case Isolation Hampered by Past Vaccination?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-14, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:3:p:816-829:d:23837
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thomas House & Matt J Keeling, 2010. "The Impact of Contact Tracing in Clustered Populations," PLOS Computational Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(3), pages 1-9, March.
    2. Don Klinkenberg & Christophe Fraser & Hans Heesterbeek, 2006. "The Effectiveness of Contact Tracing in Emerging Epidemics," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 1(1), pages 1-7, December.
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