IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jftint/v14y2022i6p174-d831627.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Investigating the Country of Origin and the Role of the .eu TLD in External Trade of European Union Member States

Author

Listed:
  • Andreas Giannakoulopoulos

    (Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Kerkira, Greece)

  • Minas Pergantis

    (Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Kerkira, Greece)

  • Laida Limniati

    (BrilliantPR Digital Agency, 340 Kifisias Str., 15451 Athens, Greece)

  • Alexandros Kouretsis

    (Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Kerkira, Greece)

Abstract

The Internet, and specifically the World Wide Web, has always been a useful tool in the effort to achieve more outward-looking economies. The launch of the .eu TLD (top-level domain) in December of 2005 introduced the concept of a pan-European Internet identity that aimed to enhance the status of European citizens and businesses on the global Web. In this study, the countries of origin of websites that choose to use the .eu TLD are investigated and the reasoning behind that choice, as well as its relation to each country’s economy and external trade are discussed. Using the Web as a tool, information regarding a vast number of existing .eu websites was collected, through means of Web data extraction, and this information was analyzed and processed by a detailed algorithm that produced results concerning each website’s most probable country of origin based on a multitude of factors. This acquired knowledge was then used to investigate relations with each member-state’s presence in its local ccTLD, its GDP and its external trade revenue. The study establishes a correlation between presence in the .eu TLD and external trade that is both independent of a country’s GDP and stronger than the relation between its local ccTLD presence and external trade.

Suggested Citation

  • Andreas Giannakoulopoulos & Minas Pergantis & Laida Limniati & Alexandros Kouretsis, 2022. "Investigating the Country of Origin and the Role of the .eu TLD in External Trade of European Union Member States," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-27, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:14:y:2022:i:6:p:174-:d:831627
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/6/174/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/14/6/174/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Laura Cram, 2012. "Does the EU Need a Navel? Implicit and Explicit Identification with the European Union," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(1), pages 71-86, January.
    2. Lazaros Vrysis & Nikolaos Vryzas & Rigas Kotsakis & Theodora Saridou & Maria Matsiola & Andreas Veglis & Carlos Arcila-Calderón & Charalampos Dimoulas, 2021. "A Web Interface for Analyzing Hate Speech," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-18, March.
    3. Andreas Giannakoulopoulos & Minas Pergantis & Nikos Konstantinou & Aristeidis Lamprogeorgos & Laida Limniati & Iraklis Varlamis, 2020. "Exploring the Dominance of the English Language on the Websites of EU Countries," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-43, April.
    4. Julian Aichholzer & Sylvia Kritzinger & Carolina Plescia, 2021. "National identity profiles and support for the European Union," European Union Politics, , vol. 22(2), pages 293-315, June.
    5. Fahed WAHDANI & Mohammad ALFAOURI, 2020. ".eu TOP LEVEL DOMAIN NAME & FREE MOVEMENT OF SERVICES: THE EU POLICY OVER SINGLE DIGITAL MARKET," CrossCultural Management Journal, Fundația Română pentru Inteligența Afacerii, Editorial Department, issue 1, pages 53-66, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Soetkin Verhaegen & Marc Hooghe & Ellen Quintelier, 2014. "European Identity and Support for European Integration: A Matter of Perceived Economic Benefits?," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 67(2), pages 295-314, May.
    2. Christoffer Kølvraa, 2016. "European Fantasies: On the EU's Political Myths and the Affective Potential of Utopian Imaginaries for European Identity," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(1), pages 169-184, January.
    3. Carlos Arcila-Calderón & Javier J. Amores & Patricia Sánchez-Holgado & Lazaros Vrysis & Nikolaos Vryzas & Martín Oller Alonso, 2022. "How to Detect Online Hate towards Migrants and Refugees? Developing and Evaluating a Classifier of Racist and Xenophobic Hate Speech Using Shallow and Deep Learning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-16, October.
    4. Sarah Ciaglia & Clemens Fuest & Friedrich Heinemann, 2018. "What a feeling?! How to promote ‘European Identity’," EconPol Policy Reports 9, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
    5. Kristine Mitchell, 2015. "Rethinking the ‘Erasmus Effect’ on European Identity," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(2), pages 330-348, March.
    6. K Amber Curtis & Steven V Miller, 2021. "A (supra)nationalist personality? The Big Five’s effects on political-territorial identification," European Union Politics, , vol. 22(2), pages 202-226, June.
    7. Sybille Luhmann, 2017. "A Multi-Level Approach to European Identity: Does Integration Foster Identity?," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(6), pages 1360-1379, November.
    8. Gabriele Prati & Elvira Cicognani & Davide Mazzoni, 2019. "Cross-border friendships and collective European identity: A longitudinal study," European Union Politics, , vol. 20(4), pages 649-669, December.
    9. Wouter van der Brug & Eelco Harteveld, 2021. "The conditional effects of the refugee crisis on immigration attitudes and nationalism," European Union Politics, , vol. 22(2), pages 227-247, June.
    10. Fedra Negri & Francesco Nicoli & Theresa Kuhn, 2021. "Common currency, common identity? The impact of the Euro introduction on European identity," European Union Politics, , vol. 22(1), pages 114-132, March.
    11. Daniel Innerarity, 2014. "Does Europe Need a Demos to Be Truly Democratic?," Europe in Question Discussion Paper Series of the London School of Economics (LEQs) 7, London School of Economics / European Institute.
    12. Nikolaos Vryzas & Anastasia Katsaounidou & Lazaros Vrysis & Rigas Kotsakis & Charalampos Dimoulas, 2022. "A Prototype Web Application to Support Human-Centered Audiovisual Content Authentication and Crowdsourcing," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-17, February.
    13. Anastasiadou, Constantia & Pilcher, Nick & Gutu, Mavis & Panyik, Emese, 2023. "EU tourism and student identities in a pre-BREXIT UK," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    14. Paschalia (Lia) Spyridou & Constantinos Djouvas & Dimitra Milioni, 2022. "Modeling and Validating a News Recommender Algorithm in a Mainstream Medium-Sized News Organization: An Experimental Approach," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-21, September.
    15. Nicholas Clark & Robert Rohrschneider, 2021. "Tracing the development of nationalist attitudes in the EU," European Union Politics, , vol. 22(2), pages 181-201, June.
    16. Daniel Innerarity, 2014. "Does Europe Need a Demos to Be Truly Democratic?," LEQS – LSE 'Europe in Question' Discussion Paper Series 77, European Institute, LSE.
    17. Alessandro Del Ponte, 2021. "The influence of foreign elite rhetoric: National identity, emotions, and attitudes toward austerity," European Union Politics, , vol. 22(1), pages 155-178, March.
    18. Charalampos A. Dimoulas & Andreas Veglis, 2023. "Theory and Applications of Web 3.0 in the Media Sector," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-10, April.
    19. Mathias Dolls, 2019. "An Unemployment Re-Insurance Scheme for the Eurozone? Stabilizing and Redistributive Effects," EconPol Policy Reports 10, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
    20. Benjamin Martill & Uta Staiger, 2021. "Negotiating Brexit: The Cultural Sources of British Hard Bargaining," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(2), pages 261-277, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:14:y:2022:i:6:p:174-:d:831627. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.