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Fast Frequency Response Capability of Photovoltaic Power Plants: The Necessity of New Grid Requirements and Definitions

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  • Claudia Rahmann

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Chile, Santiago 8370451, Chile)

  • Alfredo Castillo

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Chile, Santiago 8370451, Chile)

Abstract

In recent years, only a small number of publications have been presented addressing power system stability with the increased use of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) generation around the world. The focus of these publications was on classical stability problems, such as transient and small signal stability, without considering frequency stability. Nevertheless, with increased PV generation, its effects on system frequency response during contingencies can no longer be ignored, especially in the case of weakly interconnected networks or isolated power systems. This paper addresses the impacts of large scale PV generation on the frequency stability of power systems. The positive effects of deloaded PV power plants (PV-PPs) able to support system frequency recovery during the initial seconds after major contingencies are also examined. Because this type of frequency support is not covered by current definitions, a new terminology is proposed that includes the frequency response of inertia-less generation units immediately after major power imbalances. We refer to this type of frequency support as fast frequency response (FFR). Finally, a discussion is also presented regarding the applicability and pertinence of frequency-related grid requirements for PV-PPs in the case of real power systems. The investigation is based on the isolated power system of northern Chile. The obtained results indicate that in the case of major power imbalances, no significant effects arise on the system frequency response until PV penetration levels exceed approximately 20%. From a system security perspective, the problems arise for PV penetration levels of approximately 50%, in which case, the frequency response capability in PV-PPs would be justified during certain hours of the year.

Suggested Citation

  • Claudia Rahmann & Alfredo Castillo, 2014. "Fast Frequency Response Capability of Photovoltaic Power Plants: The Necessity of New Grid Requirements and Definitions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(10), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:7:y:2014:i:10:p:6306-6322:d:40876
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    1. Cabrera-Tobar, Ana & Bullich-Massagué, Eduard & Aragüés-Peñalba, Mònica & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2016. "Review of advanced grid requirements for the integration of large scale photovoltaic power plants in the transmission system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 971-987.
    2. Dario Garozzo & Giuseppe Marco Tina, 2020. "Evaluation of the Effective Active Power Reserve for Fast Frequency Response of PV with BESS Inverters Considering Reactive Power Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-16, July.
    3. Bo Pang & Heng Nian, 2019. "Improved Operation Strategy with Alternative Control Targets for Voltage Source Converter under Harmonically Distorted Grid Considering Inter-Harmonics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-14, March.
    4. Federica Cucchiella & Idiano D’Adamo & Paolo Rosa, 2015. "Industrial Photovoltaic Systems: An Economic Analysis in Non-Subsidized Electricity Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(11), pages 1-16, November.
    5. Bri‐Mathias S. Hodge & Himanshu Jain & Carlo Brancucci & Gab‐Su Seo & Magnus Korpås & Juha Kiviluoma & Hannele Holttinen & James Charles Smith & Antje Orths & Ana Estanqueiro & Lennart Söder & Damian , 2020. "Addressing technical challenges in 100% variable inverter‐based renewable energy power systems," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(5), September.
    6. Ana Fernández-Guillamón & Guillermo Martínez-Lucas & Ángel Molina-García & Jose-Ignacio Sarasua, 2020. "Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-25, September.
    7. Lasantha Meegahapola & Alfeu Sguarezi & Jack Stanley Bryant & Mingchen Gu & Eliomar R. Conde D. & Rafael B. A. Cunha, 2020. "Power System Stability with Power-Electronic Converter Interfaced Renewable Power Generation: Present Issues and Future Trends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-35, July.
    8. Andrey Rylov & Pavel Ilyushin & Aleksandr Kulikov & Konstantin Suslov, 2021. "Testing Photovoltaic Power Plants for Participation in General Primary Frequency Control under Various Topology and Operating Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-20, August.
    9. G. V. Brahmendra Kumar & Ratnam Kamala Sarojini & K. Palanisamy & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, 2019. "Large Scale Renewable Energy Integration: Issues and Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-17, May.
    10. Tobias Rösch & Peter Treffinger, 2019. "Cluster Analysis of Distribution Grids in Baden-Württemberg," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-25, October.
    11. Colin Levis & Cathal O’Loughlin & Terence O’Donnell & Martin Hill, 2019. "An Enhanced Two-Stage Grid-Connected Linear Parameter Varying Photovoltaic System Model for Frequency Support Strategy Evaluation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-26, December.
    12. Neofytos Neofytou & Konstantinos Blazakis & Yiannis Katsigiannis & Georgios Stavrakakis, 2019. "Modeling Vehicles to Grid as a Source of Distributed Frequency Regulation in Isolated Grids with Significant RES Penetration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-23, February.
    13. Bullich-Massagué, Eduard & Cifuentes-García, Francisco-Javier & Glenny-Crende, Ignacio & Cheah-Mañé, Marc & Aragüés-Peñalba, Mònica & Díaz-González, Francisco & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2020. "A review of energy storage technologies for large scale photovoltaic power plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    14. Dreidy, Mohammad & Mokhlis, H. & Mekhilef, Saad, 2017. "Inertia response and frequency control techniques for renewable energy sources: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 144-155.
    15. Laslett, Dean & Carter, Craig & Creagh, Chris & Jennings, Philip, 2017. "A large-scale renewable electricity supply system by 2030: Solar, wind, energy efficiency, storage and inertia for the South West Interconnected System (SWIS) in Western Australia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 713-731.
    16. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Gómez-Lázaro, Emilio & Muljadi, Eduard & Molina-García, Ángel, 2019. "Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    17. Ratnam, Kamala Sarojini & Palanisamy, K. & Yang, Guangya, 2020. "Future low-inertia power systems: Requirements, issues, and solutions - A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    18. Jishu Mary Gomez & Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam, 2022. "Flexible Power Point Tracking Using a Neural Network for Power Reserve Control in a Grid-Connected PV System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-17, November.
    19. Nouha Mansouri & Abderezak Lashab & Dezso Sera & Josep M. Guerrero & Adnen Cherif, 2019. "Large Photovoltaic Power Plants Integration: A Review of Challenges and Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-16, October.
    20. Kanwal, S. & Khan, B. & Ali, S.M. & Mehmood, C.A., 2018. "Gaussian process regression based inertia emulation and reserve estimation for grid interfaced photovoltaic system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 865-875.
    21. Hamdy M. Sultan & Ahmed A. Zaki Diab & Oleg N. Kuznetsov & Ziad M. Ali & Omer Abdalla, 2019. "Evaluation of the Impact of High Penetration Levels of PV Power Plants on the Capacity, Frequency and Voltage Stability of Egypt’s Unified Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-22, February.
    22. Akram, Umer & Nadarajah, Mithulananthan & Shah, Rakibuzzaman & Milano, Federico, 2020. "A review on rapid responsive energy storage technologies for frequency regulation in modern power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    23. Guangqing Bao & Hongtao Tan & Kun Ding & Ming Ma & Ningbo Wang, 2019. "A Novel Photovoltaic Virtual Synchronous Generator Control Technology Without Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-14, June.
    24. Huda, A.S.N. & Živanović, R., 2017. "Large-scale integration of distributed generation into distribution networks: Study objectives, review of models and computational tools," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 974-988.
    25. Soon-Ryul Nam & Seung-Hwa Kang & Sang-Hee Kang, 2014. "Real-Time Estimation of Power System Frequency Using a Three-Level Discrete Fourier Transform Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-15, December.

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