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Understanding the Mechanism of Cypress Liquefaction in Hot-Compressed Water through Characterization of Solid Residues

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  • Hua-Min Liu

    (School of Grain and Food, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
    State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China)

  • Ming-Fei Li

    (Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Sheng Yang

    (Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Run-Cang Sun

    (State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
    Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract

The mechanism of hydrothermal liquefaction of cypress was investigated by examining the effects of temperature and retention time on the characteristics of the solid residues remaining after liquefaction. The solid residues were divided into acid-soluble and acid-insoluble residues. Results showed the polymerization reactions also mainly occurred at low temperatures. The reactive fragments transformed into acid-insoluble solid residue in the form of carbon and oxygen through polymerization reactions. The process of cellulose degradation consists of two steps: an initial hydrolysis of the more solvent- accessible amorphous region and a later hydrolytic attack on the crystalline portion. Hemicelluloses were decomposed into small compounds during the initial stage of the cypress liquefaction process, and then these compounds may rearrange through polymerization to form acid-insoluble solid residues above 240 °C. The higher heating value of the solid residues obtained from liquefaction at 260–300 °C was 23.4–26.3 MJ/kg, indicating that they were suitable for combustion as a solid fuel.

Suggested Citation

  • Hua-Min Liu & Ming-Fei Li & Sheng Yang & Run-Cang Sun, 2013. "Understanding the Mechanism of Cypress Liquefaction in Hot-Compressed Water through Characterization of Solid Residues," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:6:y:2013:i:3:p:1590-1603:d:24127
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Akhtar, Javaid & Kuang, Soo Kim & Amin, NorAishah Saidina, 2010. "Liquefaction of empty palm fruit bunch (EPFB) in alkaline hot compressed water," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 1220-1227.
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    3. Demirbas, Ayhan, 2011. "Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(1), pages 17-28, January.
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    2. Kumar, Mayank & Olajire Oyedun, Adetoyese & Kumar, Amit, 2018. "A review on the current status of various hydrothermal technologies on biomass feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 1742-1770.

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