IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i3p729-d1584013.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Modeling an Electrolyzer in a Graph-Based Framework

Author

Listed:
  • Buu-Van Nguyen

    (Delft Institute of Applied Mathematcis, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands)

  • Johan Romate

    (Delft Institute of Applied Mathematcis, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands)

  • Cornelis Vuik

    (Delft Institute of Applied Mathematcis, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands)

Abstract

We propose a linear electrolyzer model for steady-state load flow analysis of multi-carrier energy networks, where the electrolyzer is capable of producing hydrogen gas and heat. For our electrolyzer model, we show that there are boundary conditions that lead to a well-posed problem. We derive these conditions for two cases, namely with a known and unknown heat efficiency parameter. Furthermore, the derived conditions are validated numerically. Moreover, we investigate the extensibility of our model by including nonlinear models from electricity, gas, and heat. In this setting, we derived boundary conditions based on our previous findings. Due to the involvement of nonlinearity, it is a challenge to prove that the boundary conditions lead to a well-posed problem. Therefore, we simulated the electrolyzer connected with an electricity, gas, and heat system. Additionally, we considered a known and unknown heat efficiency parameter. The numerical results support that the linear electrolyzer model is solvable in a multi-carrier energy network.

Suggested Citation

  • Buu-Van Nguyen & Johan Romate & Cornelis Vuik, 2025. "Modeling an Electrolyzer in a Graph-Based Framework," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:3:p:729-:d:1584013
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/3/729/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/3/729/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Markensteijn, A.S. & Romate, J.E. & Vuik, C., 2020. "A graph-based model framework for steady-state load flow problems of general multi-carrier energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    2. Zeng, Qing & Fang, Jiakun & Li, Jinghua & Chen, Zhe, 2016. "Steady-state analysis of the integrated natural gas and electric power system with bi-directional energy conversion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1483-1492.
    3. Jiang, Yunpeng & Ren, Zhouyang & Yang, Xin & Li, Qiuyan & Xu, Yan, 2022. "A steady-state energy flow analysis method for integrated natural gas and power systems based on topology decoupling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chi, Lixun & Su, Huai & Zio, Enrico & Zhang, Jinjun & Li, Xueyi & Zhang, Li & Fan, Lin & Zhou, Jing & Bai, Hua, 2020. "Integrated Deterministic and Probabilistic Safety Analysis of Integrated Energy Systems with bi-directional conversion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    2. Fabio Massaro & Maria Luisa Di Silvestre & Marco Ferraro & Francesco Montana & Eleonora Riva Sanseverino & Salvatore Ruffino, 2024. "Energy Hub Model for the Massive Adoption of Hydrogen in Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-31, September.
    3. Xu, Xiao & Hu, Weihao & Cao, Di & Liu, Wen & Huang, Qi & Hu, Yanting & Chen, Zhe, 2021. "Enhanced design of an offgrid PV-battery-methanation hybrid energy system for power/gas supply," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 440-456.
    4. Pambour, Kwabena Addo & Cakir Erdener, Burcin & Bolado-Lavin, Ricardo & Dijkema, Gerard P.J., 2017. "SAInt – A novel quasi-dynamic model for assessing security of supply in coupled gas and electricity transmission networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 829-857.
    5. Chun Wei & Xiangzhi Xu & Youbing Zhang & Xiangshan Li, 2019. "A Survey on Optimal Control and Operation of Integrated Energy Systems," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2019, pages 1-14, December.
    6. Amirnekooei, K. & Ardehali, M.M. & Sadri, A., 2017. "Optimal energy pricing for integrated natural gas and electric power network with considerations for techno-economic constraints," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 693-709.
    7. Zhang, Suhan & Gu, Wei & Lu, Hai & Qiu, Haifeng & Lu, Shuai & Wang, Dada & Liang, Junyu & Li, Wenyun, 2021. "Superposition-principle based decoupling method for energy flow calculation in district heating networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 295(C).
    8. Lewandowska-Bernat, Anna & Desideri, Umberto, 2018. "Opportunities of power-to-gas technology in different energy systems architectures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 57-67.
    9. Qu, Kaiping & Shi, Shouyuan & Yu, Tao & Wang, Wenrui, 2019. "A convex decentralized optimization for environmental-economic power and gas system considering diversified emission control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 630-645.
    10. Danko Vidović & Elis Sutlović & Matislav Majstrović, 2021. "A Unique Electrical Model for the Steady-State Analysis of a Multi-Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-23, September.
    11. Wu, Chenyu & Gu, Wei & Xu, Yinliang & Jiang, Ping & Lu, Shuai & Zhao, Bo, 2018. "Bi-level optimization model for integrated energy system considering the thermal comfort of heat customers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 607-616.
    12. Chen, Dongwen & Hu, Xiao & Li, Yong & Abbas, Zulkarnain & Wang, Ruzhu & Li, Dehong, 2023. "Nodal conservation principle of potential energy flow analysis for energy flow calculation in energy internet," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    13. Bao, Zhejing & Chen, Dawei & Wu, Lei & Guo, Xiaogang, 2019. "Optimal inter- and intra-hour scheduling of islanded integrated-energy system considering linepack of gas pipelines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 326-340.
    14. He, Liangce & Lu, Zhigang & Zhang, Jiangfeng & Geng, Lijun & Zhao, Hao & Li, Xueping, 2018. "Low-carbon economic dispatch for electricity and natural gas systems considering carbon capture systems and power-to-gas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 357-370.
    15. Hu, Qinran & Liang, Yiheng & Ding, Haohui & Quan, Xiangjun & Wang, Qi & Bai, Linquan, 2022. "Topological partition based multi-energy flow calculation method for complex integrated energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    16. Apeh, Dr Oliver, O., 2024. "The Food‑Energy‑Water Nexus Optimization: A Systematic Literature Review," Research on World Agricultural Economy, Nan Yang Academy of Sciences Pte Ltd (NASS), vol. 5(4), October.
    17. Wen, Kai & Jiao, Jianfeng & Zhao, Kang & Yin, Xiong & Liu, Yuan & Gong, Jing & Li, Cuicui & Hong, Bingyuan, 2023. "Rapid transient operation control method of natural gas pipeline networks based on user demand prediction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    18. Qadrdan, Meysam & Ameli, Hossein & Strbac, Goran & Jenkins, Nicholas, 2017. "Efficacy of options to address balancing challenges: Integrated gas and electricity perspectives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 181-190.
    19. Cavana, Marco & Mazza, Andrea & Chicco, Gianfranco & Leone, Pierluigi, 2021. "Electrical and gas networks coupling through hydrogen blending under increasing distributed photovoltaic generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    20. Lun Yang & Xia Zhao & Xinyi Li & Wei Yan, 2018. "Probabilistic Steady-State Operation and Interaction Analysis of Integrated Electricity, Gas and Heating Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-21, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:3:p:729-:d:1584013. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.