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Regenerative Braking Energy Flow Control Algorithm for Power Grid Voltage Stabilization in Mobile Energy Storage Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Ivan Župan

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Viktor Šunde

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Željko Ban

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Branimir Novoselnik

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

The paper presents a method for managing the energy storage and use of a mobile supercapacitor energy storage system (SC ESS) on a tram vehicle for the purpose of active voltage stabilization of the power grid. The method is based on an algorithm that identifies the need to utilize the energy of the SC ESS depending on changes in the voltage of the power grid caused by the driving of other nearby tram vehicles. The waveform of the current flowing into or out of the SC ESS during this control is determined based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle, which optimizes the minimum change in the voltage level at the pantograph and the minimum temperature of the supercapacitor. In this way, this approach aims to minimize the changes in the voltage of the power grid caused by other vehicles and to maximize the lifespan of the supercapacitor. The algorithm was tested within the MATLAB/Simulink R2022b programming environment and experimentally validated with an HIL simulation experiment in a laboratory setup to emulate the rail vehicle system, the supercapacitor, and the power supply network.

Suggested Citation

  • Ivan Župan & Viktor Šunde & Željko Ban & Branimir Novoselnik, 2025. "Regenerative Braking Energy Flow Control Algorithm for Power Grid Voltage Stabilization in Mobile Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-25, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:2:p:410-:d:1570042
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Liu, Shuai & Wei, Li & Wang, Huai, 2020. "Review on reliability of supercapacitors in energy storage applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    2. Ivan Župan & Viktor Šunde & Željko Ban & Branimir Novoselnik, 2023. "An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-20, October.
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