IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i21p7346-d1270841.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle

Author

Listed:
  • Ivan Župan

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Viktor Šunde

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Željko Ban

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Branimir Novoselnik

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

Energy savings in electric rail transport are important in order to increase energy efficiency and reduce its carbon footprint. This can be achieved by storing and using the energy generated during regenerative braking. The system described in this paper consists of a supercapacitor energy storage system (SC ESS), a bidirectional DC/DC converter, and an algorithm to control the energy flow. The proper design of the algorithm is critical for maximizing energy savings and stabilizing the power grid, and it affects the lifetime of the SC ESS. This paper presents an energy flow control algorithm based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle that balances maximum energy savings with maximum SC ESS lifetime. The algorithm also performs SC ESS recharging while the rail vehicle stops on inclines to reduce the impact of its next acceleration on the power grid. To validate the algorithm, offline simulations are performed using real tram speed measurements. The results are then verified with a real-time laboratory emulation setup with HIL simulation. The tram and power grid are emulated with LiFePO4 batteries, while the SC ESS is emulated with a supercapacitor. The proposed algorithm controls a three-phase converter that enables energy exchange between the batteries and the supercapacitor. The results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible in real time and that it can be used under real operating conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Ivan Župan & Viktor Šunde & Željko Ban & Branimir Novoselnik, 2023. "An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:21:p:7346-:d:1270841
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7346/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7346/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Francesco Cutrignelli & Gianmarco Saponaro & Michele Stefanizzi & Marco Torresi & Sergio Mario Camporeale, 2023. "Study of the Effects of Regenerative Braking System on a Hybrid Diagnostic Train," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-18, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ying Wang & Ya Guo & Xiaoqiang Chen & Yunpeng Zhang & Dong Jin & Jing Xie, 2023. "Research on the Energy Management Strategy of a Hybrid Energy Storage Type Railway Power Conditioner System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-16, August.
    2. Igor Maciejewski & Sebastian Pecolt & Andrzej Błażejewski & Bartosz Jereczek & Tomasz Krzyzynski, 2024. "Experimental Study of the Energy Regenerated by a Horizontal Seat Suspension System under Random Vibration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-18, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:21:p:7346-:d:1270841. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.