A Novel Approach for Predicting CO 2 Emissions in the Building Industry Using a Hybrid Multi-Strategy Improved Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory Model

The accurate prediction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in the building industry can provide data support and theoretical insights for sustainable development. This study proposes a hybrid model for predicting CO 2 emissions that combines a multi-strategy improved particle swarm optimization (MSPSO) algorithm with a long short-term memory (LSTM) model. Firstly, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is enhanced by combining tent chaotic mapping, mutation for the least-fit particles, and a random perturbation strategy. Subsequently, the performance of the MSPSO algorithm is evaluated using a set of 23 internationally recognized test functions. Finally, the predictive performance of the MSPSO-LSTM hybrid model is assessed using data from the building industry in the Yangtze River Delta region as a case study. The results indicate that the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of the model reaches 0.9677, which is more than 10% higher than that of BP, LSTM, and CNN non-hybrid models and demonstrates significant advantages over PSO-LSTM, GWO-LSTM, and WOA-LSTM hybrid models. Additionally, the mean square error (MSE) of the model is 2445.6866 Mt, and the mean absolute error (MAE) is 4.1010 Mt, both significantly lower than those of the BP, LSTM, and CNN non-hybrid models. Overall, the MSPSO-LSTM hybrid model demonstrates high predictive accuracy for CO 2 emissions in the building industry, offering robust support for the sustainable development of the industry.