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The Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Process from a Circular Economy Perspective—A Review and Future Directions

Author

Listed:
  • Rahil Parag Sheth

    (Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India)

  • Narendra Singh Ranawat

    (Operations Management, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota 324010, India)

  • Ayon Chakraborty

    (Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia)

  • Rajesh Prasad Mishra

    (Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India)

  • Manoj Khandelwal

    (Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia)

Abstract

Ever since the introduction of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the 1970s, their demand has increased exponentially with their applications in electric vehicles, smartphones, and energy storage systems. To cope with the increase in demand and the ensuing environmental effects of excessive mining activities and waste production, it becomes crucial to explore ways of manufacturing LIBs from the resources that have already been extracted from nature. It is possible by promoting the re-usage, refurbishing, and recycling of the batteries and their constituent components, rethinking the fundamental design of devices using these batteries, and introducing the circular economy model in the battery industry. This paper through a literature review provides the current state of CE adoption in the lithium-ion battery industry. The review suggests that the focus is mostly on recycling at this moment in the battery industry, and a further understanding of the process is needed to better adapt to other CE practices such as reuse, remanufacture, refurbishment, etc. The paper also provides the steps involved in the recycling process and, through secondary case studies, shows how some of the industries are currently approaching battery recycling. Thus, this paper, through review and secondary cases, helps us to understand the current state of LIB recycling and CE adoption.

Suggested Citation

  • Rahil Parag Sheth & Narendra Singh Ranawat & Ayon Chakraborty & Rajesh Prasad Mishra & Manoj Khandelwal, 2023. "The Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Process from a Circular Economy Perspective—A Review and Future Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-16, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:7:p:3228-:d:1115094
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Foad H. Gandoman & Emad M. Ahmed & Ziad M. Ali & Maitane Berecibar & Ahmed F. Zobaa & Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem, 2021. "Reliability Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Batteries for E-Mobility Applications from Practical and Technical Perspectives: A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-24, October.
    2. Kannan Govindan & Mia Hasanagic, 2018. "A systematic review on drivers, barriers, and practices towards circular economy: a supply chain perspective," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(1-2), pages 278-311, January.
    3. Invernizzi, Diletta Colette & Locatelli, Giorgio & Velenturf, Anne & Love, Peter ED. & Purnell, Phil & Brookes, Naomi J., 2020. "Developing policies for the end-of-life of energy infrastructure: Coming to terms with the challenges of decommissioning," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    4. Zhu, Mengping & Liu, Zhixue & Li, Jianbin & Zhu, Stuart X., 2020. "Electric vehicle battery capacity allocation and recycling with downstream competition," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 283(1), pages 365-379.
    5. Anna Pražanová & Vaclav Knap & Daniel-Ioan Stroe, 2022. "Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-29, February.
    6. Ibrahim, H. & Ilinca, A. & Perron, J., 2008. "Energy storage systems--Characteristics and comparisons," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(5), pages 1221-1250, June.
    7. Anna Pražanová & Vaclav Knap & Daniel-Ioan Stroe, 2022. "Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part II: Environmental and Economic Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-44, October.
    8. Kirti Richa & Callie W. Babbitt & Gabrielle Gaustad, 2017. "Eco-Efficiency Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery Waste Hierarchy Inspired by Circular Economy," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 21(3), pages 715-730, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hasan Huseyin Coban, 2023. "Hydropower Planning in Combination with Batteries and Solar Energy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-21, June.

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