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Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions

Author

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  • Yuwen Fang

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Xiao Ma

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Yixiao Zhang

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Yanfei Li

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Kaiqi Zhang

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Changzhao Jiang

    (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, London UB8 3PH, UK)

  • Zhi Wang

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Shijin Shuai

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract

Liquid ammonia is an ideal zero-carbon fuel for internal combustion engines. High-pressure injection is a key technology in organizing ammonia combustion. Characteristics of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection is lack of research. Spray behaviors are likely to change when a high-pressure diesel injector uses liquid ammonia as its fuel. This study uses high-speed imaging with a DBI method to investigate the liquid penetration, width, and spray tip velocity of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection up to 100 MPa. Non-flash and flash boiling conditions were included in the experimental conditions. Simulation was also used to evaluate the results. In non-flash boiling conditions, the Hiroyasu model provided better accuracy than the Siebers model. In flash boiling conditions, a phenomenon was found that liquid penetration and spray tip velocity were strongly suppressed in the initial stage of the injection process, this being the “spray resistance phenomenon”. The “spray resistance phenomenon” was observed when ambient pressure was below 0.7 MPa during 0–0.05 ms ASOI and was highly related to the superheated degree. The shape of near-nozzle sprays abruptly changed at 0.05 ms ASOI, indicating that strong cavitation inside the nozzle caused by needle lift effects is the key reason for the “spray resistance phenomenon”.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuwen Fang & Xiao Ma & Yixiao Zhang & Yanfei Li & Kaiqi Zhang & Changzhao Jiang & Zhi Wang & Shijin Shuai, 2023. "Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:6:p:2843-:d:1101174
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Łukasz Jan Kapusta & Jakub Bachanek & Changzhao Jiang & Jakub Piaszyk & Hongming Xu & Mirosław Lech Wyszyński, 2021. "Liquid Propane Injection in Flash-Boiling Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-23, October.
    2. Hakduck Kim & Changyeon Kim & Heechang Lim & Juhun Song, 2016. "Spray Formation of a Liquid Carbon Dioxide-Water Mixture at Elevated Pressures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-11, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Junqing & Chen, Danan & Lai, Shini & Li, Jun & Huang, Hongyu & Kobayashi, Noriyuki, 2024. "Numerical simulation and spray model development of liquid ammonia injection under diesel-engine conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).

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