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Well-to-Wheels for Light-Duty Vehicle Powertrains by Segments in Isolated Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz

    (Department of Computer Sciences and System Engineering, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
    Centro de Estudios de Desigualdad Social y Gobernanza (CEDESOG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain)

  • Francisco J. Ramos-Real

    (Centro de Estudios de Desigualdad Social y Gobernanza (CEDESOG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
    Department of Economics, Accounting and Finance and University Institute of Social Research and Tourism, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain)

  • Josue Barrera-Santana

    (Centro de Estudios de Desigualdad Social y Gobernanza (CEDESOG), Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
    Department of Renewable Energies, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain)

Abstract

The transportation sector has the highest energy demand worldwide and bears the primary responsibility for CO 2 emissions. Electromobility has emerged as the most feasible way to alleviate this problem. However, its potential depends heavily on the development of renewable energies. Island regions raise additional barriers to electromobility due to their heavy dependence on fossil fuels. This article addresses this challenge by presenting a comprehensive well-to-wheel framework to assess the levels of efficiency and CO 2 emissions of electromobility options such as battery and plug-in electric vehicles (BEVs and PHEVs). The results were compared with those for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The framework proposed takes account of various factors including the extraction, refining, and transport of oil, different segments of land vehicles, and electricity system operations. The framework is demonstrated with a case study of the Spanish Canary archipelago. The results show that BEVs improve efficiency and CO 2 emissions by around 30% compared to ICEVs on islands where the share of renewable energies is higher than 21%. In contrast, limited renewable generation may lead to BEVs polluting up to 15% more than ICEVs. PHEVs should be considered as a suitable alternative if the share of renewable generation is higher than 35%.

Suggested Citation

  • Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz & Francisco J. Ramos-Real & Josue Barrera-Santana, 2023. "Well-to-Wheels for Light-Duty Vehicle Powertrains by Segments in Isolated Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-25, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:3:p:1018-:d:1038350
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Judit Mendoza Aguilar & Francisco J. Ramos-Real & Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz, 2019. "Improving Indicators for Comparing Energy Poverty in the Canary Islands and Spain," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Shen, Wei & Han, Weijian & Chock, David & Chai, Qinhu & Zhang, Aling, 2012. "Well-to-wheels life-cycle analysis of alternative fuels and vehicle technologies in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 296-307.
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    4. Alfredo Ramírez Díaz & Francisco J. Ramos-Real & Gustavo A. Marrero & Yannick Perez, 2015. "Impact of Electric Vehicles as Distributed Energy Storage in Isolated Systems: The Case of Tenerife," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-27, November.
    5. Ke, Wenwei & Zhang, Shaojun & He, Xiaoyi & Wu, Ye & Hao, Jiming, 2017. "Well-to-wheels energy consumption and emissions of electric vehicles: Mid-term implications from real-world features and air pollution control progress," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 367-377.
    6. Francisco Javier Ramos-Real & Josue Barrera-Santana & Alfredo A Ramírez-Díaz & Yannick Perez, 2018. "Interconnecting isolated electrical systems. The case of Canary Islands," Post-Print hal-01870904, HAL.
    7. Christos S. Ioakimidis & Alberto Murillo-Marrodán & Ali Bagheri & Dimitrios Thomas & Konstantinos N. Genikomsakis, 2019. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Electric Vehicle Battery in Second Life Application Scenarios," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-14, May.
    8. Alfredo Ramírez Díaz & Francisco J. Ramos-Real & Gustavo A. Marrero & Yannick Perez, 2015. "Impact of Electric Vehicles as Distributed Energy Storage in Isolated Systems: The Case of Tenerife," Sustainability, MDPI, Open Access Journal, vol. 7(11), pages 1-27, November.
    9. Alfredo J. Ramírez-Díaz & Francisco J. Ramos-Real & María Gracia Rodríguez-Brito & María Carolina Rodríguez-Donate & Andrés Lorente de las Casas, 2022. "Determining Factors of Consumers’ Choice of Sport Utility Vehicles in an Isolated Energy System: How Can We Contribute to the Decarbonization of the Economy?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-21, September.
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