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Life Cycle Impacts of Recycling of Black Mass Obtained from End-of-Life Zn-C and Alkaline Batteries Using Waelz Kiln

Author

Listed:
  • Katarzyna Klejnowska

    (Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Mateusz Sydow

    (Łukasiewicz Research Network—Poznań Institute of Technology, 61-755 Poznań, Poland)

  • Rafał Michalski

    (Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Magdalena Bogacka

    (Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
    Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

Abstract

The utilization of end-of-life batteries (including Zn-C and alkaline batteries) is one of the areas that need to be perfected in order to provide environmental and human safety as well as to contribute to closing the material loop, as described in the EU Green Deal. The presented study shows the environmental impacts of the two selected pyrometallurgical technologies (processing of the black mass from waste Zn-C and alkaline batteries as an additive to an existing process of the recycling of steelmaking dust and treatment of the black mass as the primary waste material, both processes performed in a Waelz kiln). The presented LCA-based study of the recycling of end-of-life Zn-C and alkaline batteries focused on terrestrial ecotoxicity can be a useful tool in the process of the development of a circular economy in Europe, as it provides a multi-disciplinary overview of the most important environmental loads associated with the described recycling technologies. Therefore, the goal of the presented study was to compare the environmental performance (utilizing LCA) of two different metallurgical processes of black mass utilization, i.e., the conventional method utilizing black mass as a co-substrate and the newly developed method utilizing black mass as a primary substrate.

Suggested Citation

  • Katarzyna Klejnowska & Mateusz Sydow & Rafał Michalski & Magdalena Bogacka, 2022. "Life Cycle Impacts of Recycling of Black Mass Obtained from End-of-Life Zn-C and Alkaline Batteries Using Waelz Kiln," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2022:i:1:p:49-:d:1009758
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Krzysztof Pikoń & Piotr Krawczyk & Krzysztof Badyda & Magdalena Bogacka, 2019. "Predictive Analysis of Waste Co-Combustion with Fossil Fuels Using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Methodology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-11, September.
    2. Magdalena Bogacka & Tomasz Iluk & Krzysztof Pikoń & Marek Ściążko & Marcin Stec & Andrzej Czaplicki & Agata Wajda, 2022. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the Use of Metallurgical Process Gas for Heat and Electricity, Combined with Salt Removal from Discarded Water," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-11, January.
    3. Mateusz Sydow & Łukasz Chrzanowski & Alexandra Leclerc & Alexis Laurent & Mikołaj Owsianiak, 2018. "Terrestrial Ecotoxic Impacts Stemming from Emissions of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from Manure: A Spatially Differentiated Assessment in Europe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-19, November.
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