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Review of Carnot Battery Technology Commercial Development

Author

Listed:
  • Vaclav Novotny

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 16607 Prague 6, Czech Republic
    University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Czech Technical University in Prague, Trinecka 1024, 27343 Bustehrad, Czech Republic)

  • Vit Basta

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 16607 Prague 6, Czech Republic
    University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Czech Technical University in Prague, Trinecka 1024, 27343 Bustehrad, Czech Republic)

  • Petr Smola

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 16607 Prague 6, Czech Republic)

  • Jan Spale

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 16607 Prague 6, Czech Republic
    University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Czech Technical University in Prague, Trinecka 1024, 27343 Bustehrad, Czech Republic)

Abstract

Carnot batteries are a quickly developing group of technologies for medium and long duration electricity storage. It covers a large range of concepts which share processes of a conversion of power to heat, thermal energy storage (i.e., storing thermal exergy) and in times of need conversion of the heat back to (electric) power. Even though these systems were already proposed in the 19th century, it is only in the recent years that this field experiences a rapid development, which is associated mostly with the increasing penetration of intermittent cheap renewables in power grids and the requirement of electricity storage in unprecedented capacities. Compared to the more established storage options, such as pumped hydro and electrochemical batteries, the efficiency is generally much lower, but the low cost of thermal energy storage in large scale and long lifespans comparable with thermal power plants make this technology especially feasible for storing surpluses of cheap renewable electricity over typically dozens of hours and up to days. Within the increasingly extensive scientific research of the Carnot Battery technologies, commercial development plays the major role in technology implementation. This review addresses the gap between academia and industry in the mapping of the technologies under commercial development and puts them in the perspective of related scientific works. Technologies ranging from kW to hundreds of MW scale are at various levels of development. Some are still in the stage of concepts, whilst others are in the experimental and pilot operations, up to a few commercial installations. As a comprehensive technology review, this paper addresses the needs of both academics and industry practitioners.

Suggested Citation

  • Vaclav Novotny & Vit Basta & Petr Smola & Jan Spale, 2022. "Review of Carnot Battery Technology Commercial Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-33, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:2:p:647-:d:726793
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Rhys Jacob & Ming Liu, 2022. "Design and Evaluation of a High Temperature Phase Change Material Carnot Battery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Weitzer, Maximilian & Müller, Dominik & Karl, Jürgen, 2022. "Two-phase expansion processes in heat pump – ORC systems (Carnot batteries) with volumetric machines for enhanced off-design efficiency," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 720-732.
    3. Blanquiceth, J. & Cardemil, J.M. & Henríquez, M. & Escobar, R., 2023. "Thermodynamic evaluation of a pumped thermal electricity storage system integrated with large-scale thermal power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    4. Stefano Barberis & Simone Maccarini & Syed Safeer Mehdi Shamsi & Alberto Traverso, 2023. "Untapping Industrial Flexibility via Waste Heat-Driven Pumped Thermal Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-24, August.
    5. Attila R. Imre & Sindu Daniarta & Przemysław Błasiak & Piotr Kolasiński, 2023. "Design, Integration, and Control of Organic Rankine Cycles with Thermal Energy Storage and Two-Phase Expansion System Utilizing Intermittent and Fluctuating Heat Sources—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-25, August.
    6. José Ignacio Linares & Arturo Martín-Colino & Eva Arenas & María José Montes & Alexis Cantizano & José Rubén Pérez-Domínguez, 2023. "Carnot Battery Based on Brayton Supercritical CO 2 Thermal Machines Using Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy as a Low-Temperature Source," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-24, May.
    7. Canpolat Tosun, Demet & Açıkkalp, Emin & Altuntas, Onder & Hepbasli, Arif & Palmero-Marrero, Ana I. & Borge-Diez, David, 2023. "Dynamic performance and sustainability assessment of a PV driven Carnot battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    8. Alberto Benato & Francesco De Vanna & Anna Stoppato, 2022. "Levelling the Photovoltaic Power Profile with the Integrated Energy Storage System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-21, December.
    9. Matteo Marchionni & Roberto Cipollone, 2023. "Liquid CO 2 and Liquid Air Energy Storage Systems: A Thermodynamic Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-21, June.

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