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Evaluation of the Immobilization of Fly Ash from the Incineration of Municipal Waste in Cement Mortar Incorporating Nanomaterials—A Case Study

Author

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  • Monika Czop

    (Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk

    (Department of Building Processes and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Małgorzata Kajda-Szcześniak

    (Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

Abstract

Fly ash generated in the process of combustion of municipal waste is classified as hazardous waste. Its management today has become a significant problem. One of the methods of safe management of such ash may be using it for the production of concrete as a partial replacement for cement. Using immobilization, the number of hazardous compounds could be limited so that the obtained new material would be safe for the natural environment. Recovery of byproducts—in this case, fly ash—complies with the business models applied in the production cycle in the circular economy model. Such a solution may result in saving energy, limiting CO 2 emissions, reducing the use of natural resources, and management of dangerous waste. It should be added that concretes with the addition of hazardous waste would be used for industrial purposes according to the binding legal regulations. This article presents the influence of the addition of fly ash on the selected mechanical properties of concrete. Fly ash from the incineration of municipal waste was used as a partial replacement of CEM I concrete at amounts of 4%, 8%, and 18% of its mass. The compressive strength and flexural strength of such concretes were tested after 28 days of concrete curing. This article also presents the tests of the leachability of contaminants from fly ash and concretes produced with Portland cement CEM I. The test results confirm that immobilization is an effective process that limits the amount of contamination in the water extract. Zinc, lead, and chrome were almost completely immobilized by the C-S-H (calcium silicate hydrate) concrete phase, with their immobilization degree exceeding 99%. Chloride content also underwent immobilization at a similar level of 99%. The sulfates were immobilized at the level of 96%. The subject matter discussed in this article is essential because, to protect the natural environment and, thus, reduce the use of natural resources, it is increasingly necessary to reuse raw materials—not natural, but recycled from the industry. Waste often contains hazardous compounds. A proposal for their safe disposal is their immobilization in a cement matrix. An important aspect is reducing leachability from concrete as much as possible, e.g., using nanomaterials. The effectiveness of reducing the leachability of hazardous compounds with the proposed method was checked in this study.

Suggested Citation

  • Monika Czop & Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk & Małgorzata Kajda-Szcześniak, 2022. "Evaluation of the Immobilization of Fly Ash from the Incineration of Municipal Waste in Cement Mortar Incorporating Nanomaterials—A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-16, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:23:p:9050-:d:988245
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Oksana Marinina & Marina Nevskaya & Izabela Jonek-Kowalska & Radosław Wolniak & Mikhail Marinin, 2021. "Recycling of Coal Fly Ash as an Example of an Efficient Circular Economy: A Stakeholder Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-21, June.
    2. Shuping Pan & Jiamin Ding & Yaqi Peng & Shengyong Lu & Xiaodong Li, 2022. "Investigation of Mechanochemically Treated Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash as Replacement for Cement," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-11, March.
    3. Monika Czop & Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, 2019. "Evaluation of the Leachability of Contaminations of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash from the Combustion of Solid Municipal Waste before and after Stabilization Process," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-16, September.
    4. Erick Grünhäuser Soares & João Castro-Gomes & Mateusz Sitarz & Tomasz Zdeb & Izabela Hager, 2021. "The Immobilisation of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge Ash in CO 2 -Cured Mortars," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-13, November.
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