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Synthesis of Biodiesel via Interesterification Reaction of Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Oil and Ethyl Acetate over Lipase Catalyst: Experimental and Surface Response Methodology Analysis

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  • Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia)

  • Normaliza Normaliza

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia)

  • Elva Dianis Novia Anisa

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia)

  • Haniif Prasetiawan

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia)

  • Dhoni Hartanto

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia)

  • Harumi Veny

    (School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Fazlena Hamzah

    (School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi

    (School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

Biodiesel is increasingly being considered as an alternative to the fossil fuel as it is renewable, nontoxic, biodegradable, and feasible for mass production. Biodiesel can be produced from various types of vegetable oils. Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO) is among the prospective nonedible vegetable oils considered as a raw material for biodiesel synthesis. The most common process of the biodiesel manufacturing is the transesterification of vegetable oils which results in glycerol as a by-product. Thus, product purification is necessary. In this work, an alternative route to biodiesel synthesis through interesterification reaction of vegetable oil and ethyl acetate was conducted. By replacing alcohol with ethyl acetate, triacetin was produced as a side product rather than glycerol. Triacetin can be used as a fuel additive to increase the octane number of the fuel. Therefore, triacetin separation from biodiesel products is needless. The interesterification reaction is catalyzed by an alkaline catalyst or by a lipase enzyme. In this study, biodiesel synthesis was carried out using a lipase enzyme since it is a green and sustainable catalyst. The interesterification reaction of CSO with ethyl acetate in the presence of a lipase catalyst was conducted using the molar ratio of CSO and ethyl acetate of 1:3. The reaction time, lipase catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature were varied at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 h, 10%,15%, 20%, and 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, respectively. The experimental results were also analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM) with the Box–Behnken design (BBD) model on Design Expert software. Data processing using RSM revealed that the highest conversion within the studied parameter range was 41.46%, obtained at a temperature reaction of 44.43 °C, a reaction time of 5 h, and a lipase catalyst concentration of 20%.

Suggested Citation

  • Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas & Normaliza Normaliza & Elva Dianis Novia Anisa & Haniif Prasetiawan & Dhoni Hartanto & Harumi Veny & Fazlena Hamzah & Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi, 2022. "Synthesis of Biodiesel via Interesterification Reaction of Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Oil and Ethyl Acetate over Lipase Catalyst: Experimental and Surface Response Methodology Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-14, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:20:p:7737-:d:947357
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    1. Luqman Razzaq & Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas & Sajjad Miran & Salman Asghar & Saad Nawaz & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & Nabeel Shaukat & Ibham Veza & Shahid Khalil & Anas Abdelrahman & Muhammad A. Kalam, 2022. "Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networks-Based Yield Optimization of Biodiesel Sourced from Mixture of Palm and Cotton Seed Oil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-17, May.
    2. Sayyed, Siraj & Das, Randip Kumar & Kulkarni, Kishor, 2022. "Experimental investigation for evaluating the performance and emission characteristics of DICI engine fueled with dual biodiesel-diesel blends of Jatropha, Karanja, Mahua, and Neem," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    3. Hoora Mazaheri & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Zeynab Amini & Haji Hassan Masjuki & M. Mofijur & Chia Hung Su & Irfan Anjum Badruddin & T.M. Yunus Khan, 2021. "An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-23, July.
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    1. Wancura, João H.C. & Brondani, Michel & dos Santos, Maicon S.N. & Oro, Carolina E.D. & Wancura, Guilherme C. & Tres, Marcus V. & Oliveira, J. Vladimir, 2023. "Demystifying the enzymatic biodiesel: How lipases are contributing to its technological advances," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).

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