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Cold Load Pickup Model Adequacy for Power System Restoration Studies

Author

Listed:
  • Christian Hachmann

    (Department of Energy Management and Power System Operation, University of Kassel, 34117 Kassel, Germany
    Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology (IEE), 34127 Kassel, Germany)

  • Holger Becker

    (Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology (IEE), 34127 Kassel, Germany)

  • Martin Braun

    (Department of Energy Management and Power System Operation, University of Kassel, 34117 Kassel, Germany
    Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology (IEE), 34127 Kassel, Germany)

Abstract

When a grid section is re-energized after an interruption, the load behaviour can be significantly different from normal operation. In this manuscript, the impact of the phenomenon—known as cold load pickup—is investigated by evaluating 31 time series measured after network outages in Austria and Germany. Its impact on power system restoration and the adequacy of the most common type of simplified model for such investigations is assessed by the time domain simulation of a restoration setting involving the parallel operation of conventional and renewable generation. Parameter distributions are provided for the exponential decay and the delayed exponential decay model with the aim of facilitating meaningful consideration of the phenomenon in time domain simulations of power system restoration. The benefits and limitations of these models are assessed by comparison of time domain simulation results using either the normalized raw data, an exponential decay model or a step-wise active power chance to reflect load behaviour. It is shown that using an exponential decay model leads to higher fidelity of simulation results with respect to the resulting steady-state active power sharing among generators than just applying a step-wise power change in the simulation.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Hachmann & Holger Becker & Martin Braun, 2022. "Cold Load Pickup Model Adequacy for Power System Restoration Studies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-18, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:20:p:7675-:d:945548
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Roberto Benato & Sebastian Dambone Sessa & Francesco Sanniti, 2022. "Lessons Learnt from Modelling and Simulating the Bottom-Up Power System Restoration Processes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-14, June.
    2. Jürgen Marchgraber & Wolfgang Gawlik, 2020. "Investigation of Black-Starting and Islanding Capabilities of a Battery Energy Storage System Supplying a Microgrid Consisting of Wind Turbines, Impedance- and Motor-Loads," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-24, October.
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