IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i19p7143-d928239.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Non-Renewable and Renewable Energies, and COVID-19 Pandemic: Do They Matter for China’s Environmental Sustainability?

Author

Listed:
  • Yugang He

    (College of Liberal Arts, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea)

  • Ziqian Zhang

    (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100732, China)

Abstract

Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, people all around the globe have seen its effects, including city closures, travel restrictions, and stringent security measures. However, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic extend beyond people’s everyday lives. It impacts the air, water, soil, and carbon emissions as well. This article examines the effect of energy and the COVID-19 pandemic on China’s carbon dioxide emissions in light of the aforementioned context, using the daily data from 20 January 2020 and ending on 20 April 2022. Using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model for empirical analysis, the findings indicate that COVID-19 pandemic confirmed cases and renewable energy advance environmental sustainability due to their negative effects on carbon dioxide emissions, whereas fossil fuel energy hinders environmental sustainability due to its positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, these results are also supported by the results of the frequency domain causality test and the Markow switching regression. In light of these results, there are several policy implications, such as vaccination, renewable energy utilization, and non-renewable energy alternative policies, which have been proposed in this paper.

Suggested Citation

  • Yugang He & Ziqian Zhang, 2022. "Non-Renewable and Renewable Energies, and COVID-19 Pandemic: Do They Matter for China’s Environmental Sustainability?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7143-:d:928239
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/7143/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/7143/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Joakim Westerlund & David L. Edgerton, 2007. "New Improved Tests for Cointegration with Structural Breaks," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(2), pages 188-224, March.
    2. Yugang He & Xiang Li & Panpan Huang & Jingnan Wang, 2022. "Exploring the Road toward Environmental Sustainability: Natural Resources, Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-16, January.
    3. Hamilton, James D, 1989. "A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 57(2), pages 357-384, March.
    4. Mirziyoyeva, Ziroat & Salahodjaev, Raufhon, 2022. "Renewable energy and CO2 emissions intensity in the top carbon intense countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 507-512.
    5. Qudrat-Ullah, Hassan, 2022. "A review and analysis of renewable energy policies and CO2 emissions of Pakistan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    6. Yuzo Hosoya, 2001. "Elimination of Third‐series Effect and Defining Partial Measures of Causality," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(5), pages 537-554, September.
    7. Yugang He & Panpan Huang, 2022. "Exploring the Forms of the Economic Effects of Renewable Energy Consumption: Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-16, July.
    8. Engle, Robert & Granger, Clive, 2015. "Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 39(3), pages 106-135.
    9. Zhu Liu & Philippe Ciais & Zhu Deng & Ruixue Lei & Steven J. Davis & Sha Feng & Bo Zheng & Duo Cui & Xinyu Dou & Biqing Zhu & Rui Guo & Piyu Ke & Taochun Sun & Chenxi Lu & Pan He & Yuan Wang & Xu Yue , 2020. "Near-real-time monitoring of global CO2 emissions reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-12, December.
    10. Christoph Bertram & Gunnar Luderer & Felix Creutzig & Nico Bauer & Falko Ueckerdt & Aman Malik & Ottmar Edenhofer, 2021. "COVID-19-induced low power demand and market forces starkly reduce CO2 emissions," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 11(3), pages 193-196, March.
    11. Hamilton, James D., 2002. "On the interpretation of cointegration in the linear-quadratic inventory model," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 26(12), pages 2037-2049, October.
    12. Paresh Kumar Narayan & Stephan Popp, 2013. "Size and power properties of structural break unit root tests," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(6), pages 721-728, February.
    13. MacKinnon, James G, 1996. "Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(6), pages 601-618, Nov.-Dec..
    14. Ching-Chuan Tsong & Cheng-Feng Lee & Li-Ju Tsai & Te-Chung Hu, 2016. "The Fourier approximation and testing for the null of cointegration," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 1085-1113, November.
    15. Jurgen A. Doornik, 1998. "Approximations To The Asymptotic Distributions Of Cointegration Tests," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(5), pages 573-593, December.
    16. Kremers, Jeroen J M & Ericsson, Neil R & Dolado, Juan J, 1992. "The Power of Cointegration Tests," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 54(3), pages 325-348, August.
    17. Sinha, Avik & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2018. "Estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 emission: Role of renewable energy generation in India," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 703-711.
    18. Muhammad Qayyum & Minhaj Ali & Mir Muhammad Nizamani & Shijie Li & Yuyuan Yu & Atif Jahanger, 2021. "Nexus between Financial Development, Renewable Energy Consumption, Technological Innovations and CO 2 Emissions: The Case of India," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-19, July.
    19. Yilanci, Veli & Tunali, Çiğdem Börke, 2014. "Are fluctuations in energy consumption transitory or permanent? Evidence from a Fourier LM unit root test," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 20-25.
    20. Katrakilidis, Constantinos & Trachanas, Emmanouil, 2012. "What drives housing price dynamics in Greece: New evidence from asymmetric ARDL cointegration," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 1064-1069.
    21. Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Zhang, Jinjun & Irfan, Muhammad & Alvarado, Rafael, 2022. "Analyze the environmental sustainability factors of China: The role of fossil fuel energy and renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 390-402.
    22. Yugang He, 2022. "Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Policy: Do They Matter for Environmental Sustainability?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-17, May.
    23. Omay, Tolga, 2015. "Fractional Frequency Flexible Fourier Form to approximate smooth breaks in unit root testing," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 123-126.
    24. Muhammad Uzair Ali & Zhimin Gong & Muhammad Ubaid Ali & Fahad Asmi & Rizwanullah Muhammad, 2022. "CO2 emission, economic development, fossil fuel consumption and population density in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh: A panel investigation," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(1), pages 18-31, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zaman, Qamar uz & Zhao, Yuhuan & Zaman, Shah & Shah, Aadil Hameed, 2023. "Examining the symmetrical effect of traditional energy resources, industrial production, and poverty lessening on ecological sustainability: Policy track in the milieu of five neighboring Asian econom," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Neil R. Ericsson & James G. MacKinnon, 2002. "Distributions of error correction tests for cointegration," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 5(2), pages 285-318, June.
    2. Acaroğlu, Hakan & Güllü, Mustafa, 2022. "Climate change caused by renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth: A time series ARDL analysis for Turkey," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 434-447.
    3. Yugang He, 2022. "Investigating the Routes toward Environmental Sustainability: Fresh Insights from Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, December.
    4. G. Everaert, 2007. "Estimating Long-Run Relationships between Observed Integrated Variables by Unobserved Component Methods," Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium 07/452, Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.
    5. Jahanger, Atif & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Usman, Muhammad & Chukwuma Onwe, Joshua, 2023. "Recent scenario and nexus between natural resource dependence, energy use and pollution cycles in BRICS region: Does the mediating role of human capital exist?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    6. Ingrid Groessl & Artur Tarassow, 2015. "A Microfounded Model of Money Demand Under Uncertainty, and some Empirical Evidence," Macroeconomics and Finance Series 201504, University of Hamburg, Department of Socioeconomics, revised Jan 2018.
    7. Álvarez-Díaz, Marcos & González-Gómez, Manuel & Otero-Giráldez, María Soledad, 2018. "Main determinants of export-oriented bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (BEKP) demand from the north-western regions of Spain," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 112-119.
    8. Christos Alexakis & Emmanouil Mavrakis, 2010. "Is Moderate Market Performance in the U.S. a Sufficient Condition for Abnormal Returns on CEFs?," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 16(1), pages 80-95, February.
    9. Yen-Hsiao Chen & Lianfeng Quan, 2013. "Rational speculative bubbles in the Asian stock markets: Tests on deterministic explosive bubbles and stochastic explosive root bubbles," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 14(3), pages 195-208, June.
    10. Chor Foon Tang and Eu Chye Tan, 2012. "Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in Portugal: Evidence from a Multivariate Framework Analysis," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 4).
    11. Bond, Derek & Harrison, Michael J & Hession, Niall & O’Brien, Edward J., 2006. "Some Empirical Observations on the Forward Exchange Rate Anomaly," Research Technical Papers 3/RT/06, Central Bank of Ireland.
    12. Max Gillman & Michal Kejak & Giulia Ghiani, 2014. "Money, Banking and Interest Rates: Monetary Policy Regimes with Markov-Switching VECM Evidence," CEU Working Papers 2014_3, Department of Economics, Central European University.
    13. Hasanov, Fakhri J. & Shannak, Sa'd, 2020. "Electricity incentives for agriculture in Saudi Arabia. Is that relevant to remove them?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    14. Noriega Antonio E. & Ramos Francia Manuel & Rodríguez-Pérez Cid Alonso, 2015. "Money Demand Estimations in Mexico and of its Stability 1986-2010, as well as Some Examples of its Uses," Working Papers 2015-13, Banco de México.
    15. Chen, Shyh-Wei & Shen, Chung-Hua, 2015. "Revisiting the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle with regime switching: New evidence from European countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 260-269.
    16. Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday & AbdulKareem, Hauwah K.K. & Bilal, & Kirikkaleli, Dervis & Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim & Abbas, Shujaat, 2022. "CO2 behavior amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy development," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 492-501.
    17. Katrakilidis Constantinos & Zafeiriou Eleni & Sariannidis Nikolaos & Dimitris Bantis, 2019. "Greenhouse gas emissions–crude oil prices: an empirical investigation in a nonlinear framework," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 21(6), pages 2835-2856, December.
    18. Dong Mu & Salman Hanif & Khalid Mehmood Alam & Omer Hanif, 2022. "A Correlative Study of Modern Logistics Industry in Developing Economy and Carbon Emission Using ARDL: A Case of Pakistan," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-18, February.
    19. Giulia Ghiani & Max Gillman & Michal Kejak, 2016. "Persistent Liquidity," Working Papers 1010, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Department of Economics.
    20. Gunduz Musayev, 2024. "The Impact of Dirty and Clean Energy Consumption on Carbon Emissions in Azerbaijan," Journal of Sustainable Development Issues (JOSDI), SDIjournals, vol. 2(2), pages 76-88, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7143-:d:928239. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.