IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i17p6327-d902200.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Review of the Requirements for Load Following of Small Modular Reactors

Author

Listed:
  • Choong-koo Chang

    (Department of Nuclear Power Plant Engineering, KEPCO International Nuclear Graduate School (KINGS), 658-91 Haemaji-ro, Seosang-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 45014, Korea)

  • Harold Chisano Oyando

    (Department of Nuclear Power Plant Engineering, KEPCO International Nuclear Graduate School (KINGS), 658-91 Haemaji-ro, Seosang-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 45014, Korea)

Abstract

CO 2 net neutralization by 2050 is a global target. Renewable energy and nuclear power generation are emerging as major power sources for CO 2 net neutralization. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews the load-following operation method of nuclear power plants as a method to compensate for intermittency, which is the biggest weakness of renewable energy. First, this paper looks at the types of SMRs and elaborates the concept and necessity of load following. The comprehensive requirements for the load-following operation of an SMR, i.e., planned operation, automatic generation control, governor-free operation, cooperative control of the reactor and turbine generator, unit control of a multiple-module SMR, cogeneration, etc., are studied. Finally, the interaction between an SMR and the power grid during load-following operation and other technical issues are also reviewed. This paper can be used as a guide for load-following operations or as a guide for requirement analysis when developing a comprehensive control system of load following in SMR fleets.

Suggested Citation

  • Choong-koo Chang & Harold Chisano Oyando, 2022. "Review of the Requirements for Load Following of Small Modular Reactors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-12, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:17:p:6327-:d:902200
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/17/6327/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/17/6327/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Locatelli, Giorgio & Mancini, Mauro & Todeschini, Nicola, 2013. "Generation IV nuclear reactors: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 1503-1520.
    2. Locatelli, Giorgio & Boarin, Sara & Fiordaliso, Andrea & Ricotti, Marco E., 2018. "Load following of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) by cogeneration of hydrogen: A techno-economic analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 494-505.
    3. Aiden Peakman & Bruno Merk & Kevin Hesketh, 2020. "The Potential of Pressurised Water Reactors to Provide Flexible Response in Future Electricity Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Pablo Fernández-Arias & Diego Vergara & Álvaro Antón-Sancho, 2023. "Bibliometric Review and Technical Summary of PWR Small Modular Reactors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-15, July.
    2. Timothy Ngumbi Kanyolo & Harold Chisano Oyando & Choong-koo Chang, 2023. "Acceleration Analysis of Canned Motors for SMR Coolant Pumps," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-10, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mignacca, B. & Locatelli, G., 2020. "Economics and finance of Small Modular Reactors: A systematic review and research agenda," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    2. Nian, Victor & Mignacca, Benito & Locatelli, Giorgio, 2022. "Policies toward net-zero: Benchmarking the economic competitiveness of nuclear against wind and solar energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    3. Leurent, Martin & Jasserand, Frédéric & Locatelli, Giorgio & Palm, Jenny & Rämä, Miika & Trianni, Andrea, 2017. "Driving forces and obstacles to nuclear cogeneration in Europe: Lessons learnt from Finland," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 138-150.
    4. Christian von Hirschhausen, 2022. "Nuclear Power in the Twenty-first Century (Part II) - The Economic Value of Plutonium," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 2011, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    5. Urbano, Eva M. & Martinez-Viol, Victor & Kampouropoulos, Konstantinos & Romeral, Luis, 2021. "Energy equipment sizing and operation optimisation for prosumer industrial SMEs – A lifetime approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    6. Locatelli, Giorgio & Mancini, Mauro & Lotti, Giovanni, 2020. "A simple-to-implement real options method for the energy sector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    7. Schröders, Sarah & Allelein, Hans-Josef, 2018. "Energy economic evaluation of process heat supply by solar tower and high temperature reactor based on the ammonia production process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 622-639.
    8. Contu, Davide & Strazzera, Elisabetta & Mourato, Susana, 2016. "Modeling individual preferences for energy sources: The case of IV generation nuclear energy in Italy," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 37-58.
    9. Paweł Sokólski & Tomasz A. Rutkowski & Bartosz Ceran & Dariusz Horla & Daria Złotecka, 2021. "Power System Stabilizer as a Part of a Generator MPC Adaptive Predictive Control System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-25, October.
    10. Carless, Travis S. & Talabi, Sola M. & Fischbeck, Paul S., 2019. "Risk and regulatory considerations for small modular reactor emergency planning zones based on passive decontamination potential," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 740-756.
    11. Okunlola, Ayodeji & Davis, Matthew & Kumar, Amit, 2023. "Assessing the cost competitiveness of electrolytic hydrogen production from small modular nuclear reactor-based power plants: A price-following perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 346(C).
    12. Nian, Victor & Ghori, Amjad & Guerra, Eddie M. & Locatelli, Giorgio & Murphy, Paul, 2022. "Accelerating safe small modular reactor development in Southeast Asia," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    13. Slavin, Brittney & Wang, Ruiqi & Roy, Dibyendu & Ling-Chin, Janie & Roskilly, Anthony Paul, 2024. "Techno-economic analysis of direct air carbon capture and hydrogen production integrated with a small modular reactor," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    14. Qiuwen Wang & Hu Zhang & Puxin Zhu, 2023. "Using Nuclear Energy for Maritime Decarbonization and Related Environmental Challenges: Existing Regulatory Shortcomings and Improvements," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-23, February.
    15. Zhang, Ru & Qiu, Leilei & Sun, Peiwei & Wei, Xinyu, 2024. "Research on nuclear reactor power control system of VVER-1000 with thermal energy supply system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    16. Hui, Jiuwu & Yuan, Jingqi, 2022. "Load following control of a pressurized water reactor via finite-time super-twisting sliding mode and extended state observer techniques," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    17. Jiang, Di & Dong, Zhe, 2020. "Dynamic matrix control for thermal power of multi-modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    18. Mohamed Hadri & Vincenzo Trovato & Agnes Bialecki & Bruno Merk & Aiden Peakman, 2021. "Assessment of High-Electrification UK Scenarios with Varying Levels of Nuclear Power and Associated Post-Fault Behaviour," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-23, March.
    19. Ma, Quan & Wei, Xinyu & Qing, Junyan & Jiao, Wen & Xu, Risheng, 2019. "Load following of SMR based on a flexible load," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 733-746.
    20. Kunniyoor, Vijayaraj & Singh, Punit & Nadella, Karthik, 2020. "Value of closed-cycle gas turbines with design assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:17:p:6327-:d:902200. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.