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Photovoltaic Inverter Profiles in Relation to the European Network Code NC RfG and the Requirements of Polish Distribution System Operators

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  • Krzysztof Chmielowiec

    (Department of Power Electronics and Energy Control Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Łukasz Topolski

    (Department of Power Electronics and Energy Control Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Aleks Piszczek

    (Department of Power Electronics and Energy Control Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Zbigniew Hanzelka

    (Department of Power Electronics and Energy Control Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

Abstract

The presently observed rapid increase in photovoltaic (PV) micro-installation connections to low-voltage networks, resulting from numerous financial support programmes, European Union (EU) energy policy and growing social awareness of environmental and economic issues, raise the question if PV inverters widely available in EU market fulfil the numerous technical requirements specified in European and Polish regulations. The paper presents the results of an experimental study carried out on three PV Inverters widely available in the EU in accordance with the EU network code NC RfG, standard EN 50549-1:2019 and internal Polish distribution system operators’ (DSOs’) regulations, governing PV inverter cooperation with the low-voltage distribution network. The laboratory test stand scheme and its description are presented. In each test, at least one of the inverters encountered issues, either with the operation in required frequency ranges (one PV inverter), activating reactive power control modes (all three PV inverters), maintaining required power generation gradient after tripping (one PV inverter) or under-voltage ride through immunity (one PV inverter). The obtained results have shown that all tested PV inverters did not meet requirements that are the key to maintaining reliable and safe operation of transmission and distribution electrical networks.

Suggested Citation

  • Krzysztof Chmielowiec & Łukasz Topolski & Aleks Piszczek & Zbigniew Hanzelka, 2021. "Photovoltaic Inverter Profiles in Relation to the European Network Code NC RfG and the Requirements of Polish Distribution System Operators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-24, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:5:p:1486-:d:513280
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Krzysztof Księżopolski & Mirosław Drygas & Kamila Pronińska & Iwona Nurzyńska, 2020. "The Economic Effects of New Patterns of Energy Efficiency and Heat Sources in Rural Single-Family Houses in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, December.
    2. Gregorio Fernández & Noemi Galan & Daniel Marquina & Diego Martínez & Alberto Sanchez & Pablo López & Hans Bludszuweit & Jorge Rueda, 2020. "Photovoltaic Generation Impact Analysis in Low Voltage Distribution Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-27, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Gökay Bayrak & Davut Ertekin & Hassan Haes Alhelou & Pierluigi Siano, 2021. "A Real-Time Energy Management System Design for a Developed PV-Based Distributed Generator Considering the Grid Code Requirements in Turkey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-21, October.
    2. Krzysztof Chmielowiec & Łukasz Topolski & Aleks Piszczek & Tomasz Rodziewicz & Zbigniew Hanzelka, 2022. "Study on Energy Efficiency and Harmonic Emission of Photovoltaic Inverters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-23, April.
    3. Marcin Bukowski & Janusz Majewski & Agnieszka Sobolewska, 2021. "Macroeconomic Efficiency of Photovoltaic Energy Production in Polish Farms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-19, September.

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