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Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys

Author

Listed:
  • Andrzej Stateczny

    (Department of Geodesy, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11-12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland)

  • Cezary Specht

    (Department of Geodesy and Oceanography, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland)

  • Mariusz Specht

    (Department of Transport and Logistics, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
    Marine Technology Ltd., Wiktora Roszczynialskiego 4-6, 81-521 Gdynia, Poland)

  • David Brčić

    (Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Studentska ulica 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia)

  • Alen Jugović

    (Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Studentska ulica 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia)

  • Szymon Widźgowski

    (Marine Technology Ltd., Wiktora Roszczynialskiego 4-6, 81-521 Gdynia, Poland)

  • Marta Wiśniewska

    (Marine Technology Ltd., Wiktora Roszczynialskiego 4-6, 81-521 Gdynia, Poland)

  • Oktawia Lewicka

    (Department of Geodesy and Oceanography, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland)

Abstract

Hydrographic surveys, in accordance with the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-44 standard, can be carried out in the following five orders: Exclusive, Special, 1a, 1b and 2, for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. They are as follows, respectively: 1, 2, 5, 5 and 20 m, with a confidence level of 95% in two-dimensional space. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network solutions (accuracy: 2–3 cm ( p = 0.95)) and the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) (accuracy: 1–2 m ( p = 0.95)) are now commonly used positioning methods in hydrography. Due to the fact that a new order of hydrographic surveys has appeared in the IHO S-44 standard from 2020—Exclusive, looking at the current positioning accuracy of the DGPS system, it is not known whether it can be used in it. The aim of this article is to determine the usefulness of GNSS/Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) for hydrographic surveys. During the research, the following two INSs were used: Ekinox2-U and Ellipse-D by the SBG Systems, which were supported by DGPS and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) receivers. GNSS/INS measurements were carried out during the manoeuvring of the Autonomous/Unmanned Surface Vehicle (ASV/USV) named “HydroDron” on Kłodno lake in Zawory. The acquired data were processed using the mathematical model that allows us to assess whether any positioning system at a given point in time meets (or not) the accuracy requirements for each IHO order. The model was verified taking into account the historical and current test results of the DGPS and RTK systems. Tests have confirmed that the RTK system meets the requirements of all the IHO orders, even in situations where it is not functioning 100% properly. Moreover, it was proven that the DGPS system does not only meet the requirements provided for the most stringent IHO order, i.e., the Exclusive Order (horizontal position error ≤ 1 m ( p = 0.95)). Statistical analyses showed that it was only a few centimetres away from meeting this criterion. Therefore, it can be expected that soon it will be used in all the IHO orders.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrzej Stateczny & Cezary Specht & Mariusz Specht & David Brčić & Alen Jugović & Szymon Widźgowski & Marta Wiśniewska & Oktawia Lewicka, 2021. "Study on the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS/INS Systems Supported by DGPS and RTK Receivers for Hydrographic Surveys," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-19, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:21:p:7413-:d:674030
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mariusz Specht & Cezary Specht & Paweł Dąbrowski & Krzysztof Czaplewski & Leszek Smolarek & Oktawia Lewicka, 2020. "Road Tests of the Positioning Accuracy of INS/GNSS Systems Based on MEMS Technology for Navigating Railway Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-26, August.
    2. Paolo Visconti & Francesco Iaia & Roberto De Fazio & Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro, 2021. "A Stake-Out Prototype System Based on GNSS-RTK Technology for Implementing Accurate Vehicle Reliability and Performance Tests," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-22, August.
    3. Krzysztof Naus & Piotr Szymak & Paweł Piskur & Maciej Niedziela & Aleksander Nowak, 2021. "Methodology for the Correction of the Spatial Orientation Angles of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using Real Time GNSS, a Shoreline Image and an Electronic Navigational Chart," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-24, May.
    4. Kamil Krasuski & Dariusz Popielarczyk & Adam Ciećko & Janusz Ćwiklak, 2021. "A New Strategy for Improving the Accuracy of Aircraft Positioning Using DGPS Technique in Aerial Navigation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-30, July.
    5. Tomasz Szot & Cezary Specht & Mariusz Specht & Pawel S Dabrowski, 2019. "Comparative analysis of positioning accuracy of Samsung Galaxy smartphones in stationary measurements," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(4), pages 1-19, April.
    6. Mariusz Specht & Andrzej Stateczny & Cezary Specht & Szymon Widźgowski & Oktawia Lewicka & Marta Wiśniewska, 2021. "Concept of an Innovative Autonomous Unmanned System for Bathymetric Monitoring of Shallow Waterbodies (INNOBAT System)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-18, August.
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    1. Mariusz Specht & Cezary Specht & Andrzej Stateczny & Paweł Burdziakowski & Paweł Dąbrowski & Oktawia Lewicka, 2022. "Study on the Positioning Accuracy of the GNSS/INS System Supported by the RTK Receiver for Railway Measurements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-17, June.

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