IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i20p6660-d656428.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Control Strategies for Energy Efficiency at PNU’s Metro System

Author

Listed:
  • Wafaa Saleh

    (College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
    Transport Engineering School of Engineering and The Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5D, UK
    Visiting Professor.)

  • Shekaina Justin

    (College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ghada Alsawah

    (College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
    Mechanical Engineering Department, Higher Technological Institute, 10th of Ramadan 44629, Egypt)

  • Tasneem Al Ghamdi

    (College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia)

  • Maha M. A. Lashin

    (College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
    Mechanical Department, Faculty of Engineering-Shoubra, Banha University, Banha 13518, Egypt)

Abstract

It is broadly acknowledged that there is an urgent need to reduce carbon-based mobility systems and increase renewable energy alternatives. The automotive industry is one of the greatest consumers of energy in the world. It is fronted with many challenges that aim at reducing carbon emissions. Renewable energy costs are getting cheaper and more cost effective. However, well devised design and control strategies are also needed in order to optimize any systems that are adopted in this field. Previous research shows that the energy consumption for non-traction purposes may be of the same scale as the energy used to move rolling stock, and in some cases even larger. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is very interested in the implementation of policies that aim at reducing energy consumption and encouraging renewable energy programs. Under its Vision 2030 development program, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is looking to produce 30% of its energy from renewables and other sources, with solar energy playing an important role. The work presented in this paper is aimed at an investigation of design and control strategies to reduce energy consumption and to propose a cleaner source of energy to power Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University’s Automated People Mover (PNU-APM). Two areas of applications have been investigated for adopting these types of technology. Firstly, a p-v solar energy option that could be adopted for implementation in potential applications since the metro system is already in full operation using electricity. Secondly, design and control strategies including exploiting solar energy for a metro operation are discussed and investigated. A number of strategies to reduce heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) load, which happens to be the biggest energy consumer, have been discussed. Results show great potential in energy savings with adopting p-v solar sources as well as implementation of few suggested control strategies. Some deliberations of some of the drawbacks of solar energy are also offered.

Suggested Citation

  • Wafaa Saleh & Shekaina Justin & Ghada Alsawah & Tasneem Al Ghamdi & Maha M. A. Lashin, 2021. "Control Strategies for Energy Efficiency at PNU’s Metro System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-13, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:20:p:6660-:d:656428
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/20/6660/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/20/6660/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Maria Avgerinou & Paolo Bertoldi & Luca Castellazzi, 2017. "Trends in Data Centre Energy Consumption under the European Code of Conduct for Data Centre Energy Efficiency," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Varun Sivaram & Shayle Kann, 2016. "Solar power needs a more ambitious cost target," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 1(4), pages 1-3, April.
    3. Strantzali, Eleni & Aravossis, Konstantinos, 2016. "Decision making in renewable energy investments: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 885-898.
    4. Jia Feng & Xiamiao Li & Haidong Liu & Xing Gao & Baohua Mao, 2017. "Optimizing the Energy-Efficient Metro Train Timetable and Control Strategy in Off-Peak Hours with Uncertain Passenger Demands," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Ondraczek, Janosch & Komendantova, Nadejda & Patt, Anthony, 2015. "WACC the dog: The effect of financing costs on the levelized cost of solar PV power," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 888-898.
    6. Wafaa Saleh & Shekaina Justin & Ghada Alsawah & Areej Malibari & Maha M A Lashin, 2021. "An Investigation into Conversion of a Fleet of Plug-in-Electric Golf Carts into Solar Powered Vehicles Using Fuzzy Logic Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-13, September.
    7. Candelise, Chiara & Winskel, Mark & Gross, Robert J.K., 2013. "The dynamics of solar PV costs and prices as a challenge for technology forecasting," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 96-107.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Shekaina Justin & Wafaa Saleh & Maha M. A. Lashin & Hind Mohammed Albalawi, 2023. "Modeling of Artificial Intelligence-Based Automated Climate Control with Energy Consumption Using Optimal Ensemble Learning on a Pixel Non-Uniformity Metro System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-18, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ryan, Lisa & Dillon, Joseph & Monaca, Sarah La & Byrne, Julie & O'Malley, Mark, 2016. "Assessing the system and investor value of utility-scale solar PV," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 506-517.
    2. Gitelman, Lazar & Kozhevnikov, Mikhail & Ditenberg, Maksim, 2024. "Electrification as a factor in replacing hydrocarbon fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    3. DeLovato, Nicolas & Sundarnath, Kavin & Cvijovic, Lazar & Kota, Krishna & Kuravi, Sarada, 2019. "A review of heat recovery applications for solar and geothermal power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    4. Lafond, François & Bailey, Aimee Gotway & Bakker, Jan David & Rebois, Dylan & Zadourian, Rubina & McSharry, Patrick & Farmer, J. Doyne, 2018. "How well do experience curves predict technological progress? A method for making distributional forecasts," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 104-117.
    5. Krupa, Joel & Harvey, L.D. Danny, 2017. "Renewable electricity finance in the United States: A state-of-the-art review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 913-929.
    6. Aleksandra Kuzior & Aleksy Kwilinski & Ihor Hroznyi, 2021. "The Factorial-Reflexive Approach to Diagnosing the Executors’ and Contractors’ Attitude to Achieving the Objectives by Energy Supplying Companies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-16, April.
    7. Marcin Rabe & Dalia Streimikiene & Yuriy Bilan, 2019. "The Concept of Risk and Possibilities of Application of Mathematical Methods in Supporting Decision Making for Sustainable Energy Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-24, February.
    8. Paul Westacott & Chiara Candelise, 2016. "A Novel Geographical Information Systems Framework to Characterize Photovoltaic Deployment in the UK: Initial Evidence," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-20, January.
    9. Klein, Martin & Deissenroth, Marc, 2017. "When do households invest in solar photovoltaics? An application of prospect theory," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 270-278.
    10. Haddad, Brahim & Liazid, Abdelkrim & Ferreira, Paula, 2017. "A multi-criteria approach to rank renewables for the Algerian electricity system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 462-472.
    11. Wiebe, Kirsten S. & Lutz, Christian, 2016. "Endogenous technological change and the policy mix in renewable power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 739-751.
    12. Moon, Yongma & Baran, Mesut, 2018. "Economic analysis of a residential PV system from the timing perspective: A real option model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 783-795.
    13. van den Berg, Bob & Sadowski, Bert M. & Pals, Luuk, 2018. "Towards sustainable data centres: Novel internal network technologies leading to sustainable cost and energy consumption in data centres in The Netherlands," 29th European Regional ITS Conference, Trento 2018 184933, International Telecommunications Society (ITS).
    14. La Monaca, Sarah & Ryan, Lisa, 2017. "Solar PV where the sun doesn’t shine: Estimating the economic impacts of support schemes for residential PV with detailed net demand profiling," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 731-741.
    15. Hackl, Andreas, 2018. "Mobility equity in a globalized world: Reducing inequalities in the sustainable development agenda," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 150-162.
    16. Best, Rohan & Burke, Paul J., 2018. "Adoption of solar and wind energy: The roles of carbon pricing and aggregate policy support," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 404-417.
    17. Chiara Modanese & Hannu S. Laine & Toni P. Pasanen & Hele Savin & Joshua M. Pearce, 2018. "Economic Advantages of Dry-Etched Black Silicon in Passivated Emitter Rear Cell (PERC) Photovoltaic Manufacturing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-18, September.
    18. Zhao, Zhen-Yu & Chen, Yu-Long & Thomson, John Douglas, 2017. "Levelized cost of energy modeling for concentrated solar power projects: A China study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 117-127.
    19. Madhubala Ganesan & Ah-Lian Kor & Colin Pattinson & Eric Rondeau, 2020. "Green Cloud Software Engineering for Big Data Processing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-24, November.
    20. Briera, Thibault & Lefèvre, Julien, 2024. "Reducing the cost of capital through international climate finance to accelerate the renewable energy transition in developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:20:p:6660-:d:656428. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.