IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i18p5680-d632355.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Use of Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union and the Visegrad Group Countries—Results of Cluster Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Elżbieta Kacperska

    (Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Łukasiewicz

    (Management Institute, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Piotr Pietrzak

    (Management Institute, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

Increasing the use of renewable energy sources is one of the strategic objectives of the European Union. In this regard, it seems necessary to answer the question: which of the member countries are the most effective in its implementation? Therefore, the main goal was to distinguish groups of European Union countries, including the Visegrad Group, differing in the use of renewable energy sources in transport, electricity, heating and cooling (based on cluster analysis). All members of the EU were determinedly selected for research on 1 February 2020 (27 countries). The research period embraced the years 2009–2019. The sources of materials were the literature on the topic and data from Eurostat. Descriptive, tabular, graphical methods and cluster analysis were used in the presentation and analysis of materials. In 2019 wind and hydro power accounted for two-thirds of the total electricity generated from renewable sources. In 2019, renewable energy sources made up 34% of gross electricity consumption in the EU-27. Wind and hydro power accounted for two-thirds of the total electricity generated from renewable sources (35% each). Moreover, it was determined that there were 5 clusters that differed in their use of renewable energy sources. The highest average renewable energy consumption in transport, heating and cooling in 2019 was characterized by a cluster consisting of Sweden and Finland. In contrast, the highest average renewable energy consumption in electricity was characterized by a cluster consisting of countries such as: Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Latvia and Portugal. Finally, in a group that included countries such as Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands and the entire VG (Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia and Poland), renewable energy consumption rates (in transport, electricity, heating and cooling) were lower than the EU average (27 countries).

Suggested Citation

  • Elżbieta Kacperska & Katarzyna Łukasiewicz & Piotr Pietrzak, 2021. "Use of Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union and the Visegrad Group Countries—Results of Cluster Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5680-:d:632355
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/18/5680/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/18/5680/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marko Sarstedt & Erik Mooi, 2014. "The Market Research Process," Springer Texts in Business and Economics, in: A Concise Guide to Market Research, edition 2, chapter 2, pages 11-23, Springer.
    2. Stamatios Ntanos & Grigorios Kyriakopoulos & Miltiadis Chalikias & Garyfallos Arabatzis & Michalis Skordoulis, 2018. "Public Perceptions and Willingness to Pay for Renewable Energy: A Case Study from Greece," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-16, March.
    3. Robert Fischer & Erik Elfgren & Andrea Toffolo, 2018. "Energy Supply Potentials in the Northern Counties of Finland, Norway and Sweden towards Sustainable Nordic Electricity and Heating Sectors: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-31, March.
    4. Vincenzo Dovì & Antonella Battaglini, 2015. "Energy Policy and Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach to a Global Problem," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-8, November.
    5. Bogdan Włodarczyk & Daniela Firoiu & George H. Ionescu & Florin Ghiocel & Marek Szturo & Lesław Markowski, 2021. "Assessing the Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Sources Relationship in EU Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-16, April.
    6. Kamlesh Kumar, 2020. "Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources," Chapters, in: Kenneth Eloghene Okedu & Ahmed Tahour & Abdel Ghani Aissaoui (ed.), Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System, IntechOpen.
    7. Zahedi, A., 2011. "A review of drivers, benefits, and challenges in integrating renewable energy sources into electricity grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 4775-4779.
    8. Kornél Németh & Zoltán Birkner & Andrea Katona & Nikoletta Göllény-Kovács & Attila Bai & Péter Balogh & Zoltán Gabnai & Erzsébet Péter, 2020. "Can Energy Be a “Local Product” Again? Hungarian Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-22, February.
    9. Weitzel, Timm & Glock, C. H., 2018. "Energy Management for Stationary Electric Energy Storage Systems: A Systematic Literature Review," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 88880, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    10. Magdalena Tutak & Jarosław Brodny & Dominika Siwiec & Robert Ulewicz & Peter Bindzár, 2020. "Studying the Level of Sustainable Energy Development of the European Union Countries and Their Similarity Based on the Economic and Demographic Potential," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-31, December.
    11. García-Álvarez, María Teresa & Cabeza-García, Laura & Soares, Isabel, 2018. "Assessment of energy policies to promote photovoltaic generation in the European Union," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 864-874.
    12. Ewelina Kochanek, 2021. "The Energy Transition in the Visegrad Group Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-13, April.
    13. Silviu Nate & Yuriy Bilan & Danylo Cherevatskyi & Ganna Kharlamova & Oleksandr Lyakh & Agnieszka Wosiak, 2021. "The Impact of Energy Consumption on the Three Pillars of Sustainable Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-20, March.
    14. Weitzel, Timm & Glock, Christoph H., 2018. "Energy management for stationary electric energy storage systems: A systematic literature review," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 264(2), pages 582-606.
    15. Daniel Gabaldón-Estevan & Elisa Peñalvo-López & David Alfonso Solar, 2018. "The Spanish Turn against Renewable Energy Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-16, April.
    16. Bernard Knutel & Anna Pierzyńska & Marcin Dębowski & Przemysław Bukowski & Arkadiusz Dyjakon, 2020. "Assessment of Energy Storage from Photovoltaic Installations in Poland Using Batteries or Hydrogen," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-16, August.
    17. Raymond Cattell, 1944. "A note on correlation clusters and cluster search methods," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 9(3), pages 169-184, September.
    18. Schlör, Holger & Fischer, Wolfgang & Hake, Jürgen-Friedrich, 2013. "Methods of measuring sustainable development of the German energy sector," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 172-181.
    19. Serhiy Lyeonov & Tetyana Pimonenko & Yuriy Bilan & Dalia Štreimikienė & Grzegorz Mentel, 2019. "Assessment of Green Investments’ Impact on Sustainable Development: Linking Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Renewable Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-12, October.
    20. Alexander Titov & György Kövér & Katalin Tóth & Géza Gelencsér & Bernadett Horváthné Kovács, 2021. "Acceptance and Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Based on Biomass in Rural Areas of Hungary," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-18, February.
    21. Gunnarsdottir, I. & Davidsdottir, B. & Worrell, E. & Sigurgeirsdottir, S., 2021. "Sustainable energy development: History of the concept and emerging themes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    22. Tomasz Rokicki & Aleksandra Perkowska, 2020. "Changes in Energy Supplies in the Countries of the Visegrad Group," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-17, September.
    23. Mayis G. Gulaliyev & Elchin R. Mustafayev & Gulsura Y. Mehdiyeva, 2020. "Assessment of Solar Energy Potential and Its Ecological-Economic Efficiency: Azerbaijan Case," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-11, February.
    24. Marko Sarstedt & Erik Mooi, 2014. "A Concise Guide to Market Research," Springer Texts in Business and Economics, Springer, edition 2, number 978-3-642-53965-7, March.
    25. XU Jianzhong & Albina Assenova & Vasilii Erokhin, 2018. "Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development in a Resource-Abundant Country: Challenges of Wind Power Generation in Kazakhstan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-21, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Agnieszka Wałachowska & Aranka Ignasiak-Szulc, 2021. "Comparison of Renewable Energy Sources in ‘New’ EU Member States in the Context of National Energy Transformations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-17, November.
    2. Robert Huterski & Agnieszka Huterska & Ewa Zdunek-Rosa & Grażyna Voss, 2021. "Evaluation of the Level of Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources in European Union Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-18, December.
    3. Kanzari, Emna & Fazio, Gioacchino & Fricano, Stefano, 2024. "Analysing the energy landscape in Africa using cluster analysis: Drivers of renewable energy development," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    4. Jakub Kraciuk & Elżbieta Kacperska & Katarzyna Łukasiewicz & Piotr Pietrzak, 2022. "Innovative Energy Technologies in Road Transport in Selected EU Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-18, August.
    5. Anna Marciniuk-Kluska & Mariusz Kluska, 2023. "Forecasting Energy Recovery from Municipal Waste in a Closed-Loop Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-15, March.
    6. Marian Woźniak & Aleksandra Badora & Krzysztof Kud, 2023. "Expectations of the Inhabitants of South-Eastern Poland Regarding the Energy Market, in the Context of the COVID-19 Crisis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-25, July.
    7. Marcin Bukowski & Janusz Majewski & Agnieszka Sobolewska, 2023. "The Environmental Impact of Changes in the Structure of Electricity Sources in Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-22, January.
    8. Joanna Kisielińska & Monika Roman & Piotr Pietrzak & Michał Roman & Katarzyna Łukasiewicz & Elżbieta Kacperska, 2021. "Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources in Road Transport in EU Countries—TOPSIS Results," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-18, November.
    9. Zhimin Luo & Jinlong Ma & Zhiqiang Jiang, 2022. "Research on Power System Dispatching Operation under High Proportion of Wind Power Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-17, September.
    10. Suman Gupta, 2023. "Nudging International Sustainable Practices Confirmed with Renewable Energy Consumption," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 494-503, November.
    11. Jacek Brożyna & Wadim Strielkowski & Aleš Zpěvák, 2023. "Evaluating the Chances of Implementing the “Fit for 55” Green Transition Package in the V4 Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-17, March.
    12. Charlotte Jarosch & Philipp Jahnke & Johannes Giehl & Jana Himmel, 2022. "Modelling Decentralized Hydrogen Systems: Lessons Learned and Challenges from German Regions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-27, February.
    13. Stancu Stelian & Pernici Andreea, 2023. "Assessing the Evolution of the Energy Mix Worldwide, with a Focus on the Renewable Energy Transition," Management & Marketing, Sciendo, vol. 18(s1), pages 384-397, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Marcin Bukowski & Janusz Majewski & Agnieszka Sobolewska, 2020. "Macroeconomic Electric Energy Production Efficiency of Photovoltaic Panels in Single-Family Homes in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-21, December.
    2. Bartłomiej Bajan & Joanna Łukasiewicz & Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska, 2021. "Energy Consumption and Its Structures in Food Production Systems of the Visegrad Group Countries Compared with EU-15 Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-24, July.
    3. Saez, R. & Boer, D. & Shobo, A.B. & Vallès, M., 2023. "Techno-economic analysis of residential rooftop photovoltaics in Spain," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    4. Adam Malešević & Dušan Barać & Dragan Soleša & Ema Aleksić & Marijana Despotović-Zrakić, 2021. "Adopting xRM in Higher Education: E-Services Outside the Classroom," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-20, July.
    5. Benedikt Finnah, 2022. "Optimal bidding functions for renewable energies in sequential electricity markets," OR Spectrum: Quantitative Approaches in Management, Springer;Gesellschaft für Operations Research e.V., vol. 44(1), pages 1-27, March.
    6. Costa Synodinos, 2019. "Environmental purchase behaviour concerns of African Generation Y students in South Africa," Proceedings of International Academic Conferences 9912363, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
    7. William Philip Wall & Bilal Khalid & Mariusz Urbański & Michal Kot, 2021. "Factors Influencing Consumer’s Adoption of Renewable Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-19, August.
    8. Marzanna Witek-Hajduk & Tomasz Marcin Napiórkowski, 2017. "Manufacturers’ Benefits from Their Cooperation with Key Retailers in the Context of Business Models: A Cluster Analysis," International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning, International School for Social and Business Studies, Celje, Slovenia, vol. 6(1), pages 97-114.
    9. Riffat Ara Zannat Tama & Md Mahmudul Hoque & Ying Liu & Mohammad Jahangir Alam & Mark Yu, 2023. "An Application of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to Examining Farmers’ Behavioral Attitude and Intention towards Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-22, February.
    10. Gunnarsdottir, I. & Davidsdottir, B. & Worrell, E. & Sigurgeirsdottir, S., 2022. "Indicators for sustainable energy development: An Icelandic case study," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    11. Ng, Wei Keat Benny & Appel-Meulenbroek, Rianne & Cloodt, Myriam & Arentze, Theo, 2019. "Towards a segmentation of science parks: A typology study on science parks in Europe," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(3), pages 719-732.
    12. Xieyang Chen & Xingmin Shi, 2021. "Support or against coal mining? Host community perceptions of coal mining: a cluster analysis," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 6819-6837, May.
    13. Feng, Jie & Ran, Lun & Wang, Zhiyuan & Zhang, Mengling, 2024. "Optimal energy scheduling of virtual power plant integrating electric vehicles and energy storage systems under uncertainty," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    14. repec:ers:journl:v:xxiv:y:2021:i:special2:p:730-740 is not listed on IDEAS
    15. Ming Yang & Jinglu Jiang & Melody Kiang & Fangyun Yuan, 2022. "Re-Examining the Impact of Multidimensional Trust on Patients’ Online Medical Consultation Service Continuance Decision," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 983-1007, June.
    16. Meldrick Arjay A. Magsino & Reynold S. Beredo & Arex A. Anza, 2014. "The Motivational Effects of LPU Awards of Excellence: Basis for Improvement," International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 4(12), pages 371-397, December.
    17. Joyce Wanjiku Nderitu & Esther Waiganjo & George O. Orwa, 2021. "Evaluating effect of organizational culture on strategy implementation in private chartered universities in Kenya," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 10(2), pages 123-133, March.
    18. Kuppelwieser, Volker G. & Sarstedt, Marko & Tuzovic, Sven, 2014. "The role of context and motivation variables in mobile commerce usage — A further perspective on Chong (2013)," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 156-161.
    19. Finnah, Benedikt & Gönsch, Jochen & Ziel, Florian, 2022. "Integrated day-ahead and intraday self-schedule bidding for energy storage systems using approximate dynamic programming," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 301(2), pages 726-746.
    20. Golpîra, Hêriş & Khan, Syed Abdul Rehman, 2019. "A multi-objective risk-based robust optimization approach to energy management in smart residential buildings under combined demand and supply uncertainty," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 1113-1129.
    21. Supanutt Sasiwuttiwat & Somkiat Tangkitvanich, 2019. "Is There an “East Asian Education Model”? A Study on Varieties of Education Regimes," Asian Economic Papers, MIT Press, vol. 18(1), pages 123-146, Winter/Sp.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5680-:d:632355. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.