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Possible Interactions and Interferences of Copper, Chromium, and Arsenic during the Gasification of Contaminated Waste Wood

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  • Shurooq Badri Al-Badri

    (School of Water, Energy, and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
    Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq)

  • Ying Jiang

    (School of Water, Energy, and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK)

  • Stuart Thomas Wagland

    (School of Water, Energy, and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK)

Abstract

A considerable proportion (about 64%) of biomass energy is produced from woody biomass (wood and its wastes). However, waste wood (WW) is very often contaminated with metal(loid) elements at concentrations leading to toxicity emissions and damages to facilities during thermal conversion. Therefore, procedures for preventing and/or alleviating the negative impacts of these elements require further development, particularly by providing informative and supportive information regarding the phase transformations of the metal(loid)s during thermal conversion processes. Although it is well known that phase transformation depends on different factors such as elements’ vaporization characteristics, operational conditions, and process configuration; however, the influences of reaction atmosphere composition in terms of interactions and interferences are rarely addressed. In response, since Cu, Cr, and As (CCA-elements) are the most regulated elements in woody biomass, this paper aims to explore the possible interactions and interferences among CCA-elements themselves and with Ca, Na, S, Cl, Fe, and Ni from reaction atmosphere composition perspectives during the gasification of contaminated WW. To do so, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed for Boudouard reaction (BR) and partial combustion reaction (PCR) with temperature ranges of 0–1300 °C and 0–1800 °C, respectively, and both reactions were simulated under pressure conditions of 1, 20, and 40 atm. Refinement of the occurred interactions and interferences reveals that Ni-As interactions generate dominant species As 2 Ni 5 and As 8 Ni 11 , which increase the solid–gaseous transformation temperature of As. Moreover, the interactions between Ca and Cr predominantly form C 3 Cr 7 ; whereas the absence of Ca leads to Cr 2 Na 2 O 4 causing instability in the Cr phase transformation.

Suggested Citation

  • Shurooq Badri Al-Badri & Ying Jiang & Stuart Thomas Wagland, 2018. "Possible Interactions and Interferences of Copper, Chromium, and Arsenic during the Gasification of Contaminated Waste Wood," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:8:p:1966-:d:160560
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Arthur M. James R. & Wenqiao Yuan & Michael D. Boyette, 2016. "The Effect of Biomass Physical Properties on Top-Lit Updraft Gasification of Woodchips," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-13, April.
    2. María Pilar González-Vázquez & Roberto García & Covadonga Pevida & Fernando Rubiera, 2017. "Optimization of a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Plant for Low-Temperature Gasification of Biomass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-16, March.
    3. Tripathi, Manoj & Sahu, J.N. & Ganesan, P., 2016. "Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 467-481.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mejdi Jeguirim & Lionel Limousy, 2019. "Biomass Chars: Elaboration, Characterization and Applications II," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-6, January.

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