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Toward Efficient Recycling of Vanadium Phosphate-Based Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Author

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  • Aleksandr Sh. Samarin

    (Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow 121205, Russia)

  • Alexey V. Ivanov

    (Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow 121205, Russia
    Department of Materials Science, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia)

  • Stanislav S. Fedotov

    (Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow 121205, Russia)

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have demonstrated noticeable development since the 2010s, being complementary to the lithium-ion technology in predominantly large-scale application niches. The projected SIB market growth will inevitably lead to the generation of tons of spent cells, posing a notorious issue for proper battery lifecycle management, which requires both the establishment of a regulatory framework and development of technologies for recovery of valuable elements from battery waste. While lithium-ion batteries are mainly based on layered oxides and lithium iron phosphate chemistries, the variety of sodium-ion batteries is much more diverse, extended by a number of other polyanionic families (crystal types), such as NASICON (Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ), Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 −y O y , (0 ≤ y ≤ 2) , KTiOPO 4 -type AVPO 4 X (A—alkali metal cation, X = O, F) and β-NaVP 2 O 7 , with all of them relying on vanadium and phosphorous—critical elements in a myriad of industrial processes and technologies. Overall, the greater chemical complexity of these vanadium-containing phosphate materials highlights the need for designing specific recycling approaches based on distinctive features of vanadium and phosphorus solution chemistry, fine-tuned for the particular electrodes used. In this paper, an overview of recycling methods is presented with a focus on emerging chemistries for SIBs.

Suggested Citation

  • Aleksandr Sh. Samarin & Alexey V. Ivanov & Stanislav S. Fedotov, 2023. "Toward Efficient Recycling of Vanadium Phosphate-Based Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 5(3), pages 1-20, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:5:y:2023:i:3:p:44-900:d:1188436
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alexandre Beaudet & François Larouche & Kamyab Amouzegar & Patrick Bouchard & Karim Zaghib, 2020. "Key Challenges and Opportunities for Recycling Electric Vehicle Battery Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-12, July.
    2. Ashish Rudola & Ruth Sayers & Christopher J. Wright & Jerry Barker, 2023. "Opportunities for moderate-range electric vehicles using sustainable sodium-ion batteries," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 8(3), pages 215-218, March.
    3. Tiefeng Liu & Yaping Zhang & Chao Chen & Zhan Lin & Shanqing Zhang & Jun Lu, 2019. "Sustainability-inspired cell design for a fully recyclable sodium ion battery," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 1-7, December.
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