Dependency of Crops on Pollinators and Pollination Deficits: An Approach to Measurement Considering the Influence of Various Reproductive Traits

Pollinators provide crucial ecosystem services, i.e., pollination, which determines crops’ reproductive fitness and yield. As pollinators decline, flowering crops might face pollination-deficit stress depending on their dependence on pollinators and pollinator availability. Here, we assessed the dependency of some crops (belonging to diverse plant families) on biotic pollinators based on their maximum reproductive potential in a supplementary pollination treatment and minimum reproductive success in a pollinator exclusion treatment. Additionally, we determined the pollen transfer limitation of the crops in open field conditions. We also determined the influence of the different reproductive traits with the index of dependency of crops on pollinators ( IDP ) and the coefficient of pollination deficit ( D ). Based on the values of IDP , members of Cucurbitaceae are obligatorily dependent on pollinators for their fruit set. Members of Brassicaceae and Rutaceae are highly reliant on pollinators. A few crops, like Lablab purpureus and Nigella sativa , are less dependent on pollinators. In open field conditions, most crops have a low pollination deficit, some without pollen transfer limitations, and only a few crops ( Citrus × limon and Citrus maxima ) show a higher pollination deficit. The IDP is negatively influenced by the pollen–ovule ratio, which also negatively affects the pollination deficit of the crops. This study will be useful in understanding and mitigating the effects of pollinator losses, as well as in choosing crops (those under pollination deficit stress and largely dependent on pollinators for fruit set) for supplemental pollination services to increase agricultural production.