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Assessment of Soil Degradation and Hazards of Some Heavy Metals, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in the Northern Part of the Nile Delta, Egypt

Author

Listed:
  • Mohamed E. Abowaly

    (Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt)

  • Raafat A. Ali

    (Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt)

  • Farahat S. Moghanm

    (Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt)

  • Mohamed S. Gharib

    (Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt)

  • Moustapha Eid Moustapha

    (Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohssen Elbagory

    (Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Mohail 61321, Saudi Arabia
    Agricultural Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Giza 12112, Egypt)

  • Alaa El-Dein Omara

    (Agricultural Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Giza 12112, Egypt)

  • Shimaa M. Elmahdy

    (Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt)

Abstract

Soil degradation and pollution is one of the main problems threatening the sustainable development of agriculture. This study used remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques to assess the risks of soil degradation and the risks of heavy metals in some soils north of the Nile Delta. The study area suffers from salinity, alkalinity, and water logging, so a spatial degradation model was used. Relying on landsat ETM+ images and the digital elevation model (DEM), it was possible to produce a geomorphological map, and it showed that the studied area consists of two landscapes, i.e., flood plain and lacustrine plain. The results indicated that salinization, alkalization, compaction, and water logging were the main types of soil degradation in the studied area. The spatial land degradation model showed that 16.61% of soils were affected by low degrees of degradation, 74.03% were affected by moderate degrees, and 9.36% were affected by high degrees of degradation. The studied area was affected by chemical degradation risks between low and high at 90.62% and 9.37%, respectively, while the physical degradation risks varied between low, moderate, high, and very high with percentages of 9.37%, 41.53%, 40.14%, and 8.93%, respectively. The environmental risks of heavy metals were assessed in the studied area using pollution indices including, the enrichment factor (EF), the pollution load index (PLI), and the potential ecological risk index (PER).

Suggested Citation

  • Mohamed E. Abowaly & Raafat A. Ali & Farahat S. Moghanm & Mohamed S. Gharib & Moustapha Eid Moustapha & Mohssen Elbagory & Alaa El-Dein Omara & Shimaa M. Elmahdy, 2022. "Assessment of Soil Degradation and Hazards of Some Heavy Metals, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in the Northern Part of the Nile Delta, Egypt," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:13:y:2022:i:1:p:76-:d:1016228
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tiziano Gomiero, 2016. "Soil Degradation, Land Scarcity and Food Security: Reviewing a Complex Challenge," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-41, March.
    2. Mohamed E. Abowaly & Abdel-Aziz A. Belal & Enas E. Abd Elkhalek & Salah Elsayed & Rasha M. Abou Samra & Abdullah S. Alshammari & Farahat S. Moghanm & Kamal H. Shaltout & Saad A. M. Alamri & Ebrahem M., 2021. "Assessment of Soil Pollution Levels in North Nile Delta, by Integrating Contamination Indices, GIS, and Multivariate Modeling," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-20, July.
    3. Rattan Lal, 2015. "Restoring Soil Quality to Mitigate Soil Degradation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-21, May.
    4. Haifang He & Longqing Shi & Guang Yang & Minsheng You & Liette Vasseur, 2020. "Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues in Tea Plantations," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-10, February.
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