Regional Capital Dynamics and Cluster Development: Insights from Poland's National Key Clusters

Purpose: The main objective of the article is to assess changes in the structure of National Key Clusters (NKCs). The article answers three key research questions: (1) what changes occurred in the structure and number of clusters in the analyzed years and how they reflect the dynamic needs of the Polish economy, (2) what factors determine the maintenance of the status of the NKCs, and (3) how the clusters that have lost this status differ from those that have maintained it. Design/Methodology/Approach: The answer to the research questions is to be the basis for the verification of the research hypothesis, which has been formulated as follows: The dynamic development of cluster structures in Poland is a response to changing market needs and economic trends, and key clusters play an important role in the development of various sectors. The fact that some clusters maintain their status and the emergence of new players on the market, especially in the areas of innovative technologies, reflects their importance for the economy and their ability to adapt to new challenges. Findings: International experience shows that the creation of cluster structures brings significant benefits both for the entire economy and for individual enterprises. In the context of Poland, the development of clusters is of key importance for improving innovation and competitiveness of the economy. Despite existing challenges, such as low expenditure on research and development and the need for better coordination between the public and private sectors, clustering can effectively support the use of a country's innovation potential. Practical Implications: Cooperation between businesses, research institutions and public administrations is an important part of the process of transforming the economy in a knowledge-based and collaborative direction. Originality/Value: The article brings an innovative approach to cluster analysis, combining the analysis of long-term economic phenomena with an empirical assessment of the dynamics of NKCs.