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Park and ride: Could it lead to an increase in car traffic?

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  • Parkhurst, Graham

Abstract

The detailed and long-term effects of park and ride are more complex than generally acknowledged. In 1994, studies of park and ride were carried out in Oxford and York. The success of park and ride in attracting users was confirmed, and these users reported high levels of satisfaction. However, some users had switched from modes other than car and others were found to be making additional trips which had been attracted by the opportunity to park and ride. Congestion has remained persistent in the cities studied and there is concern that total travel may have been increased rather than reduced, which was the intention. It is concluded that, for park and ride to be successful, 'package' policies will need to be strengthened to favour conventional public transport and that particular care will need to be taken by other local authorities adopting park and ride.

Suggested Citation

  • Parkhurst, Graham, 1995. "Park and ride: Could it lead to an increase in car traffic?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 2(1), pages 15-23, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:trapol:v:2:y:1995:i:1:p:15-23
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stokes,Raymond G., 1994. "Opting for Oil," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521451246, October.
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    1. Gao, Ge & Sun, Huijun & Wu, Jianjun & Liu, Xinmin & Chen, Weiya, 2018. "Park-and-ride service design under a price-based tradable credits scheme in a linear monocentric city," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-12.
    2. Liu Pai & Tomonobu Senjyu, 2022. "A Yearly Based Multiobjective Park-and-Ride Control Approach Simulation Using Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage Systems: Fuxin, China Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-19, July.
    3. Parkhurst, G., 2000. "Influence of bus-based park and ride facilities on users' car traffic," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 159-172, April.
    4. Meek, Stuart & Ison, Stephen & Enoch, Marcus, 2010. "UK local authority attitudes to Park and Ride," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 372-381.
    5. Horner, Mark W. & Groves, Sara, 2007. "Network flow-based strategies for identifying rail park-and-ride facility locations," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 41(3), pages 255-268, September.
    6. Meek, Stuart & Ison, Stephen & Enoch, Marcus, 2011. "Evaluating alternative concepts of bus-based park and ride," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 456-467, March.
    7. Ye, Jiao & Jiang, Yu & Chen, Jun & Liu, Zhiyuan & Guo, Renzhong, 2021. "Joint optimisation of transfer location and capacity for a capacitated multimodal transport network with elastic demand: a bi-level programming model and paradoxes," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    8. Henry, Elise & Furno, Angelo & Faouzi, Nour-Eddin El & Rey, David, 2022. "Locating park-and-ride facilities for resilient on-demand urban mobility," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    9. Guillot, Matthieu & Rey, David & Furno, Angelo & El Faouzi, Nour-Eddin, 2024. "A stochastic hub location and fleet assignment problem for the design of reconfigurable park-and-ride systems," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    10. Jairo Ortega & János Tóth & Tamás Péter & Sarbast Moslem, 2020. "An Integrated Model of Park-And-Ride Facilities for Sustainable Urban Mobility," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-15, June.
    11. Meek, Stuart & Ison, Stephen & Enoch, Marcus, 2009. "Stakeholder perspectives on the current and future roles of UK bus-based Park and Ride," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 17(6), pages 468-475.
    12. Clayton, William & Ben-Elia, Eran & Parkhurst, Graham & Ricci, Miriam, 2014. "Where to park? A behavioural comparison of bus Park and Ride and city centre car park usage in Bath, UK," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 124-133.
    13. Duncan, Michael, 2019. "Would the replacement of park-and-ride facilities with transit-oriented development reduce vehicle kilometers traveled in an auto-oriented US region?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 293-301.
    14. Yefang Zhou & Yanyan Li & Mingyang Hao & Toshiyuki Yamamoto, 2019. "A System of Shared Autonomous Vehicles Combined with Park-And-Ride in Residential Areas," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-15, June.
    15. Sundo, Marloe B. & Fujii, Satoshi, 2005. "The effects of a compressed working week on commuters' daily activity patterns," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 835-848, December.
    16. Straubinger, Anna & Rothfeld, Raoul & Shamiyeh, Michael & Büchter, Kai-Daniel & Kaiser, Jochen & Plötner, Kay Olaf, 2020. "An overview of current research and developments in urban air mobility – Setting the scene for UAM introduction," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    17. Bahk, Younghun & Hyland, Michael & An, Sunghi, 2024. "Re-envisioning the Park-and-Ride concept for the automated vehicle (AV) era with Private-to-Shared AV transfer stations," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
    18. Karamychev, Vladimir & van Reeven, Peran, 2011. "Park-and-ride: Good for the city, good for the region?," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(5), pages 455-464, September.
    19. Elżbieta Macioszek & Agata Kurek, 2020. "The Use of a Park and Ride System—A Case Study Based on the City of Cracow (Poland)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-26, July.
    20. Zhao, Hui & Yan, Xuedong & Gao, Ziyou, 2013. "Transportation serviceability analysis for metropolitan commuting corridors based on modal choice modeling," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 270-284.
    21. Mingardo, Giuliano, 2013. "Transport and environmental effects of rail-based Park and Ride: evidence from the Netherlands," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 7-16.
    22. Liu, Zhiyuan & Chen, Xinyuan & Meng, Qiang & Kim, Inhi, 2018. "Remote park-and-ride network equilibrium model and its applications," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 117(PA), pages 37-62.
    23. Jairo Ortega & János Tóth & Tamás Péter, 2021. "A Comprehensive Model to Study the Dynamic Accessibility of the Park & Ride System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-17, April.
    24. Duncan, Michael & Christensen, Robert K., 2013. "An analysis of park-and-ride provision at light rail stations across the US," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 148-157.

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