IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/transa/v153y2021icp235-260.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Relocating operational and damaged bikes in free-floating systems: A data-driven modeling framework for level of service enhancement

Author

Listed:
  • Chang, Ximing
  • Wu, Jianjun
  • Sun, Huijun
  • Correia, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida
  • Chen, Jianhua

Abstract

Free-floating bike sharing is an innovative and sustainable travel mode, where shared bikes can be picked up and returned at any proper place on the streets and not just at docking stations. Nevertheless, in these systems, two major problems arise. One is the imbalance of free-floating shared bikes (FFSB) between zones due to one-way trips, the other is the damaged bikes that must be brought for repair. In this study, a modeling framework for dynamic relocating operational and damaged bikes is proposed that starts with predicting the number and location of shared bikes using deep learning algorithms. The demand forecasting model adopts the Encoder-Decoder architecture embedded with the attention mechanism to further enhance the model’s prediction ability and flexibility. Then, a data-driven optimization model for FFSB relocations is presented, where the multi-period optimization is applied to dynamically plan the relocation activities throughout the day. A new hybrid metaheuristic algorithm that incorporates variable neighborhood search (VNS) and enhanced simulated annealing (ESA) algorithm is developed for solving the relocating problem, in which satisfactory performance is observed from the numerical example. We test the proposed framework with the real-world FFSB data from Beijing, China. The results show that relocating both operational and damaged bikes timely decreases the probability of users finding damaged bikes in the system, but leads to higher relocation costs. For peak-hours, considering only the operational bikes for relocation is the most effective strategy given the limited relocation resources. It is urgent at those times of the day to focus on providing bikes to clients where they are undersupplied.

Suggested Citation

  • Chang, Ximing & Wu, Jianjun & Sun, Huijun & Correia, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida & Chen, Jianhua, 2021. "Relocating operational and damaged bikes in free-floating systems: A data-driven modeling framework for level of service enhancement," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 235-260.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:153:y:2021:i:c:p:235-260
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2021.09.010
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856421002408
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.tra.2021.09.010?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Haojie & Zhang, Yingheng & Ding, Hongliang & Ren, Gang, 2019. "Effects of dockless bike-sharing systems on the usage of the London Cycle Hire," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 398-411.
    2. İ K Altınel & T Öncan, 2005. "A new enhancement of the Clarke and Wright savings heuristic for the capacitated vehicle routing problem," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 56(8), pages 954-961, August.
    3. Muren, & Wu, Jianjun & Zhou, Li & Du, Zhiping & Lv, Ying, 2019. "Mixed steepest descent algorithm for the traveling salesman problem and application in air logistics," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 87-102.
    4. Szeto, W.Y. & Shui, C.S., 2018. "Exact loading and unloading strategies for the static multi-vehicle bike repositioning problem," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 176-211.
    5. Pierre Hansen & Nenad Mladenović & José Moreno Pérez, 2010. "Variable neighbourhood search: methods and applications," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 175(1), pages 367-407, March.
    6. Regue, Robert & Recker, Will, 2014. "Proactive vehicle routing with inferred demand to solve the bikesharing rebalancing problem," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 192-209.
    7. Legros, Benjamin, 2019. "Dynamic repositioning strategy in a bike-sharing system; how to prioritize and how to rebalance a bike station," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 272(2), pages 740-753.
    8. Du, Mingyang & Cheng, Lin & Li, Xuefeng & Tang, Fang, 2020. "Static rebalancing optimization with considering the collection of malfunctioning bikes in free-floating bike sharing system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    9. Sohrabi, Soheil & Paleti, Rajesh & Balan, Lacramioara & Cetin, Mecit, 2020. "Real-time prediction of public bike sharing system demand using generalized extreme value count model," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 325-336.
    10. Ho, Sin C. & Szeto, W.Y., 2017. "A hybrid large neighborhood search for the static multi-vehicle bike-repositioning problem," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 340-363.
    11. Dell'Amico, Mauro & Hadjicostantinou, Eleni & Iori, Manuel & Novellani, Stefano, 2014. "The bike sharing rebalancing problem: Mathematical formulations and benchmark instances," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 7-19.
    12. Ma, Xinwei & Ji, Yanjie & Yuan, Yufei & Van Oort, Niels & Jin, Yuchuan & Hoogendoorn, Serge, 2020. "A comparison in travel patterns and determinants of user demand between docked and dockless bike-sharing systems using multi-sourced data," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 148-173.
    13. Wei, Lijun & Zhang, Zhenzhen & Zhang, Defu & Leung, Stephen C.H., 2018. "A simulated annealing algorithm for the capacitated vehicle routing problem with two-dimensional loading constraints," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 265(3), pages 843-859.
    14. Zhang, Dong & Yu, Chuhang & Desai, Jitamitra & Lau, H.Y.K. & Srivathsan, Sandeep, 2017. "A time-space network flow approach to dynamic repositioning in bicycle sharing systems," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 188-207.
    15. Hemmelmayr, Vera C. & Doerner, Karl F. & Hartl, Richard F., 2009. "A variable neighborhood search heuristic for periodic routing problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 195(3), pages 791-802, June.
    16. Alvarez-Valdes, Ramon & Belenguer, Jose M. & Benavent, Enrique & Bermudez, Jose D. & Muñoz, Facundo & Vercher, Enriqueta & Verdejo, Francisco, 2016. "Optimizing the level of service quality of a bike-sharing system," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 163-175.
    17. Ho, Sin C. & Szeto, W.Y., 2014. "Solving a static repositioning problem in bike-sharing systems using iterated tabu search," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 180-198.
    18. Gilbert Laporte & Frédéric Meunier & Roberto Wolfler Calvo, 2018. "Shared mobility systems: an updated survey," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 271(1), pages 105-126, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Xu & Sun, Huijun & Zhang, Si & Lv, Ying & Li, Tongfei, 2022. "Bike sharing rebalancing problem with variable demand," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 591(C).
    2. Chang, Ximing & Wu, Jianjun & Correia, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida & Sun, Huijun & Feng, Ziyan, 2022. "A cooperative strategy for optimizing vehicle relocations and staff movements in cities where several carsharing companies operate simultaneously," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    3. Zhou, Yaoming & Lin, Zeyu & Guan, Rui & Sheu, Jiuh-Biing, 2023. "Dynamic battery swapping and rebalancing strategies for e-bike sharing systems," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    4. Huang, Sen & Liu, Kanglin & Zhang, Zhi-Hai, 2023. "Column-and-constraint-generation-based approach to a robust reverse logistic network design for bike sharing," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 90-118.
    5. Li, Xiang & Wang, Xianzhe & Feng, Ziyan, 2024. "Dynamic repositioning in bike-sharing systems with uncertain demand: An improved rolling horizon framework," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    6. Wu, Weitiao & Li, Yu, 2024. "Pareto truck fleet sizing for bike relocation with stochastic demand: Risk-averse multi-stage approximate stochastic programming," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    7. Hua, Mingzhuang & Chen, Xuewu & Chen, Jingxu & Huang, Di & Cheng, Long, 2022. "Large-scale dockless bike sharing repositioning considering future usage and workload balance," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 605(C).
    8. Xue Bai & Ning Ma & Kwai-Sang Chin, 2022. "Hybrid Heuristic for the Multi-Depot Static Bike Rebalancing and Collection Problem," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(23), pages 1-28, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Du, Mingyang & Cheng, Lin & Li, Xuefeng & Tang, Fang, 2020. "Static rebalancing optimization with considering the collection of malfunctioning bikes in free-floating bike sharing system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    2. Carlos M. Vallez & Mario Castro & David Contreras, 2021. "Challenges and Opportunities in Dock-Based Bike-Sharing Rebalancing: A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-26, February.
    3. Lv, Chang & Zhang, Chaoyong & Lian, Kunlei & Ren, Yaping & Meng, Leilei, 2020. "A hybrid algorithm for the static bike-sharing re-positioning problem based on an effective clustering strategy," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 1-21.
    4. Lv, Chang & Zhang, Chaoyong & Lian, Kunlei & Ren, Yaping & Meng, Leilei, 2022. "A two-echelon fuzzy clustering based heuristic for large-scale bike sharing repositioning problem," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 54-75.
    5. Cai, Yutong & Ong, Ghim Ping & Meng, Qiang, 2022. "Dynamic bicycle relocation problem with broken bicycles," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    6. Wang, Xu & Sun, Huijun & Zhang, Si & Lv, Ying & Li, Tongfei, 2022. "Bike sharing rebalancing problem with variable demand," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 591(C).
    7. Dell’Amico, Mauro & Iori, Manuel & Novellani, Stefano & Subramanian, Anand, 2018. "The Bike sharing Rebalancing Problem with Stochastic Demands," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 362-380.
    8. Maggioni, Francesca & Cagnolari, Matteo & Bertazzi, Luca & Wallace, Stein W., 2019. "Stochastic optimization models for a bike-sharing problem with transshipment," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 276(1), pages 272-283.
    9. Huang, Di & Chen, Xinyuan & Liu, Zhiyuan & Lyu, Cheng & Wang, Shuaian & Chen, Xuewu, 2020. "A static bike repositioning model in a hub-and-spoke network framework," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    10. Osorio, Jesus & Lei, Chao & Ouyang, Yanfeng, 2021. "Optimal rebalancing and on-board charging of shared electric scooters," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 197-219.
    11. Wang, Yi-Jia & Kuo, Yong-Hong & Huang, George Q. & Gu, Weihua & Hu, Yaohua, 2022. "Dynamic demand-driven bike station clustering," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    12. Cheng, Yao & Wang, Junwei & Wang, Yan, 2021. "A user-based bike rebalancing strategy for free-floating bike sharing systems: A bidding model," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    13. Xue Bai & Ning Ma & Kwai-Sang Chin, 2022. "Hybrid Heuristic for the Multi-Depot Static Bike Rebalancing and Collection Problem," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(23), pages 1-28, December.
    14. Yongji Jia & Wang Zeng & Yanting Xing & Dong Yang & Jia Li, 2020. "The Bike-Sharing Rebalancing Problem Considering Multi-Energy Mixed Fleets and Traffic Restrictions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    15. Chen, Qingxin & Ma, Shoufeng & Li, Hongming & Zhu, Ning & He, Qiao-Chu, 2024. "Optimizing bike rebalancing strategies in free-floating bike-sharing systems: An enhanced distributionally robust approach," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    16. Ye Ding & Jiantong Zhang & Jiaqing Sun, 2022. "Branch-and-Price-and-Cut for the Heterogeneous Fleet and Multi-Depot Static Bike Rebalancing Problem with Split Load," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-24, August.
    17. Szeto, W.Y. & Shui, C.S., 2018. "Exact loading and unloading strategies for the static multi-vehicle bike repositioning problem," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 176-211.
    18. Li, Yanfeng & Liu, Yang, 2021. "The static bike rebalancing problem with optimal user incentives," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    19. Zhang, J. & Meng, M. & Wang, David, Z.W., 2019. "A dynamic pricing scheme with negative prices in dockless bike sharing systems," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 201-224.
    20. Mohammed Elhenawy & Hesham A. Rakha & Youssef Bichiou & Mahmoud Masoud & Sebastien Glaser & Jack Pinnow & Ahmed Stohy, 2021. "A Feasible Solution for Rebalancing Large-Scale Bike Sharing Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:153:y:2021:i:c:p:235-260. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/547/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.