IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/spomar/v17y2014i3p265-276.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Achieving compliance in international anti-doping policy: An analysis of the 2009 World Anti-Doping Code

Author

Listed:
  • Houlihan, Barrie

Abstract

Despite the rapid acceptance by sports organisations of the World Anti-Doping Code and ratification by governments of the UNESCO Convention Against Doping in Sport there remains a concern that formal implementation disguises shallow compliance or depth of commitment. The paper distinguishes between adherence, implementation and compliance and examines the ways in which compliance has been measured by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and UNESCO. The aims of the paper are to evaluate the effectiveness of the current procedures for measuring and enhancing compliance and to suggest ways in which measurement could be improved and compliance strengthened. The research is based on an analysis of survey tools used by WADA and UNESCO to assess implementation and compliance; an analysis of recent International Observer reports published by WADA; and a series of interviews with anti-doping staff in international and national anti-doping organisations. The research found that the current survey tools are better at assessing formal implementation than depth of compliance and that recent International Observer reports indicate a significant concern with inadequate compliance among some event organisers and some participating countries. The factors that affect compliance are reviewed and suggestions are made regarding the strengthening of the monitoring of compliance, the improvement in compliance with the formal requirements of the Code and the deepening of day to day compliance. It is concluded that the rapid acceptance of the Code and Convention has masked the more difficult issue of developing the depth of commitment that is necessary to tackle the more complex issue of trafficking and the increasingly sophisticated doping strategies of some athletes. It is argued that changes are needed to the current monitoring and compliance systems if the current momentum in anti-doping policy is to be maintained.

Suggested Citation

  • Houlihan, Barrie, 2014. "Achieving compliance in international anti-doping policy: An analysis of the 2009 World Anti-Doping Code," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 265-276.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:spomar:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:265-276
    DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.10.002
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1441352313000703
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.smr.2013.10.002?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. G. Hodgson, 2007. "What Are Institutions?," Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP Voprosy Ekonomiki, issue 8.
    2. Søren C. Winter & Peter J. May, 2001. "Motivation for Compliance with Environmental Regulations," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(4), pages 675-698.
    3. Downs, George W. & Rocke, David M. & Barsoom, Peter N., 1996. "Is the good news about compliance good news about cooperation?," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 50(3), pages 379-406, July.
    4. Tallberg, Jonas, 2002. "Paths to Compliance: Enforcement, Management, and the European Union," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 56(3), pages 609-643, July.
    5. Johannes Urpelainen, 2011. "The origins of social institutions," Journal of Theoretical Politics, , vol. 23(2), pages 215-240, April.
    6. Abbott, Kenneth W. & Keohane, Robert O. & Moravcsik, Andrew & Slaughter, Anne-Marie & Snidal, Duncan, 2000. "The Concept of Legalization," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 54(3), pages 401-419, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Gowthorp, Lisa & Greenhow, Annette & O’Brien, Danny, 2016. "An interdisciplinary approach in identifying the legitimate regulator of anti-doping in sport: The case of the Australian Football League," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 48-60.
    2. Overbye, Marie, 2016. "Doping control in sport: An investigation of how elite athletes perceive and trust the functioning of the doping testing system in their sport," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 6-22.
    3. Westmattelmann, Daniel & Grotenhermen, Jan-Gerrit & Sprenger, Marius & Rand, William & Schewe, Gerhard, 2021. "Apart we ride together: The motivations behind users of mixed-reality sports," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 316-328.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fabio Franchino & Camilla Mariotto, 2021. "Noncompliance risk, asymmetric power and the design of enforcement of the European economic governance," European Union Politics, , vol. 22(4), pages 591-610, December.
    2. Hartlapp, Miriam, 2005. "Two Variations on a Theme: Different Logics of Implementation Management in the EU and the ILO," European Integration online Papers (EIoP), European Community Studies Association Austria (ECSA-A), vol. 9, June.
    3. Ruud van Druenen & Pieter Zwaan & Ellen Mastenbroek, 2022. "Getting State Aid Approved by the European Commission: Explaining the Duration of Preliminary Investigations in the State Aid Notification Procedure," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(3), pages 545-561, May.
    4. Jon Hovi & Arild Underdal & Hugh Ward, 2011. "Potential Contributions of Political Science to Environmental Economics," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 48(3), pages 391-411, March.
    5. Carsten Hefeker & Michael Neugart, 2016. "Policy deviations, uncertainty, and the European Court of Justice," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 42(3), pages 547-567, December.
    6. Jesse L. Reynolds & Edward A. Parson, 2020. "Nonstate governance of solar geoengineering research," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 160(2), pages 323-342, May.
    7. repec:got:cegedp:94 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Liliana B. Andonova & Ioana A. Tuta, 2014. "Transnational Networks and Paths to EU Environmental Compliance: Evidence from New Member States," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(4), pages 775-793, July.
    9. Stine Aakre & Leif Helland & Jon Hovi, 2016. "When Does Informal Enforcement Work?," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 60(7), pages 1312-1340, October.
    10. Tobias Böhmelt & Tina Freyburg, 2013. "The temporal dimension of the credibility of EU conditionality and candidate states’ compliance with the acquis communautaire, 1998–2009," European Union Politics, , vol. 14(2), pages 250-272, June.
    11. Benassi, Chiara., 2011. "The implementation of minimum wage : challenges and creative solutions," ILO Working Papers 994629883402676, International Labour Organization.
    12. Benassi, Chiara, 2011. "The implementation of minimum wage: Challenges and creative solutions," GLU Working Papers 12, Global Labour University (GLU).
    13. Julia Black, 2008. "Constructing and contesting legitimacy and accountability in polycentric regulatory regimes," Regulation & Governance, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 2(2), pages 137-164, June.
    14. Jillienne Haglund & Courtney Hillebrecht, 2020. "Overlapping international human rights institutions: Introducing the Women’s Rights Recommendations Digital Database (WR2D2)," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 57(5), pages 648-657, September.
    15. Thomas König & Bernd Luig, 2014. "Ministerial gatekeeping and parliamentary involvement in the implementation process of EU directives," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 160(3), pages 501-519, September.
    16. Ana Carolina Garriga, 2009. "Regime Type and Bilateral Treaty Formalization," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 53(5), pages 698-726, October.
    17. Tobias Böhmelt & Gabriele Spilker, 2016. "The interaction of international institutions from a social network perspective," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 67-89, February.
    18. Nabin Baral & Joel T. Heinen, 2020. "Regulatory Compliance of Community-Based Conservation Organizations: Empirical Evidence from Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-21, November.
    19. Ramzi Badran, 2014. "Intrastate peace agreements and the durability of peace," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 31(2), pages 193-217, April.
    20. Mondré Aletta & Neubauer Gerald & Helmedach Achim & Zangl Bernhard, 2010. "Uneven Judicialization: Comparing International Dispute Settlement in Security, Trade, and the Environment," New Global Studies, De Gruyter, vol. 4(1), pages 1-34, August.
    21. Thomas Bernauer & Anna Kalbhenn & Vally Koubi & Gabriele Spilker, 2013. "Is there a “Depth versus Participation” dilemma in international cooperation?," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 8(4), pages 477-497, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:spomar:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:265-276. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/716936/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.