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Two year psychosocial and mental health outcomes for refugees subjected to restrictive or supportive immigration policies

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  • Steel, Zachary
  • Momartin, Shakeh
  • Silove, Derrick
  • Coello, Marianio
  • Aroche, Jorge
  • Tay, Kuo Wei

Abstract

Australia has been at the forefront of implementing immigration policies that aim to limit the flow of asylum seekers over recent decades. Two controversial polices have been the use of immigration detention for unauthorized arrivals and the issuing of temporary protection visas (TPVs) for refugees who arrived without valid visas. We conducted a longitudinal survey over 2 years commencing in 2003 of 104 consecutive refugees from Iran and Afghanistan attending a state-wide early intervention program in New South Wales. The sample included those released from immigration detention on TPVs (n = 47) and others granted permanent protection visas prior to entering Australia (PPVs, n = 57). Psychological symptoms were assessed at baseline and follow-up by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), the Hopkins symptom checklist-25 (HSCL), the GHQ-30 and the Penn State Worry Questionnaires (PSWQ). English language competency, daily living difficulties and coping-related activities were also assessed. The results indicated that TPVs had higher baseline scores than PPVs on the HTQ PTSD scale, the HSCL scales, and the GHQ. ANCOVA models adjusting for baseline symptom scores indicated an increase in anxiety, depression and overall distress for TPVs whereas PPVs showed improvement over time. PTSD remained high at follow-up for TPVs and low amongst PPVs with no significant change over time. The TPVs showed a significant increase in worry at follow-up. TPVs showed no improvement in their English language skills and became increasingly socially withdrawn whereas PPVs exhibited substantial language improvements and became more socially engaged. TPV holders also reported persistently higher levels of distress in relation to a wide range of post-migration living difficulties whereas PPVs reported few problems in meeting these resettlement challenges. The data suggest a pattern of growing mental distress, ongoing resettlement difficulties, social isolation, and difficulty in the acculturation process amongst refugees subject to restrictive immigration policies.

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  • Steel, Zachary & Momartin, Shakeh & Silove, Derrick & Coello, Marianio & Aroche, Jorge & Tay, Kuo Wei, 2011. "Two year psychosocial and mental health outcomes for refugees subjected to restrictive or supportive immigration policies," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 72(7), pages 1149-1156, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:72:y:2011:i:7:p:1149-1156
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    1. Lynne McCormack & Brigitta Tapp, 2019. "Violation and hope: Refugee survival in childhood and beyond," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 65(2), pages 169-179, March.
    2. Hai‐Anh H. Dang & Trong‐Anh Trinh & Paolo Verme, 2023. "Do refugees with better mental health better integrate? Evidence from the Building a New Life in Australia longitudinal survey," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(12), pages 2819-2835, December.
    3. Scott, Penelope, 2014. "Black African asylum seekers’ experiences of health care access in an eastern German state," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 10(3), pages 134-147.
    4. Roxy Elisabeth Christina Damen & Jaco Dagevos & Willem Huijnk, 2022. "Refugee Reception Re-examined: a Quantitative Study on the Impact of the Reception Period for Mental Health and Host Country Language Proficiency Among Syrian Refugees in the Netherlands," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 1-21, March.
    5. Liamputtong, Pranee & Kurban, Hala, 2018. "Health, social integration and social support: The lived experiences of young Middle-Eastern refugees living in Melbourne, Australia," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 99-106.
    6. Trine Myhrvold & Milada Cvancarova Småstuen, 2017. "The mental healthcare needs of undocumented migrants: an exploratory analysis of psychological distress and living conditions among undocumented migrants in Norway," Journal of Clinical Nursing, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(5-6), pages 825-839, March.
    7. Caroline Fleay & Lisa Hartley, 2016. "‘I Feel Like a Beggar’: Asylum Seekers Living in the Australian Community Without the Right to Work," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 1031-1048, November.
    8. Kazumi Tsuchiya & Olivia Toles & Christopher Levesque & Kimberly Horner & Eric Ryu & Linus Chan & Jack DeWaard, 2021. "Perceived structural vulnerabilities among detained noncitizen immigrants in Minnesota," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(6), pages 1-22, June.
    9. Parkinson, Sarah E. & Behrouzan, Orkideh, 2015. "Negotiating health and life: Syrian refugees and the politics of access in Lebanon," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 324-331.
    10. Tay, Kuowei & Frommer, Naomi & Hunter, Jill & Silove, Derrick & Pearson, Linda & San Roque, Mehera & Redman, Ronnit & Bryant, Richard A. & Manicavasagar, Vijaya & Steel, Zachary, 2013. "A mixed-method study of expert psychological evidence submitted for a cohort of asylum seekers undergoing refugee status determination in Australia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 106-115.
    11. Jankovic-Rankovic, Jelena & Oka, Rahul C. & Meyer, Jerrold S. & Gettler, Lee T., 2020. "Forced migration experiences, mental well-being, and nail cortisol among recently settled refugees in Serbia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    12. Bjertrup, Pia Juul & Bouhenia, Malika & Mayaud, Philippe & Perrin, Clément & Ben Farhat, Jihane & Blanchet, Karl, 2018. "A life in waiting: Refugees' mental health and narratives of social suffering after European Union border closures in March 2016," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 215(C), pages 53-60.
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