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Social inequalities in childhood dental caries: The convergent roles of stress, bacteria and disadvantage

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  • Boyce, W. Thomas
  • Den Besten, Pamela K.
  • Stamperdahl, Juliet
  • Zhan, Ling
  • Jiang, Yebin
  • Adler, Nancy E.
  • Featherstone, John D.

Abstract

The studies reported here examines stress-related psychobiological processes that might account for the high, disproportionate rates of dental caries, the most common chronic disease of childhood, among children growing up in low socioeconomic status (SES) families. In two 2004-2006 studies of kindergarten children from varying socioeconomic backgrounds in the San Francisco Bay Area of California (Ns = 94 and 38), we performed detailed dental examinations to count decayed, missing or filled dental surfaces and microtomography to assess the thickness and density of microanatomic dental compartments in exfoliated, deciduous teeth (i.e., the shed, primary dentition). Cross-sectional, multivariate associations were examined between these measures and SES-related risk factors, including household education, financial stressors, basal and reactive salivary cortisol secretion, and the number of oral cariogenic bacteria. We hypothesized that family stressors and stress-related changes in oral biology might explain, fully or in part, the known socioeconomic disparities in dental health. We found that nearly half of the five-year-old children studied had dental caries. Low SES, higher basal salivary cortisol secretion, and larger numbers of cariogenic bacteria were each significantly and independently associated with caries, and higher salivary cortisol reactivity was associated with thinner, softer enamel surfaces in exfoliated teeth. The highest rates of dental pathology were found among children with the combination of elevated salivary cortisol expression and high counts of cariogenic bacteria. The socioeconomic partitioning of childhood dental caries may thus involve social and psychobiological pathways through which lower SES is associated with higher numbers of cariogenic bacteria and higher levels of stress-associated salivary cortisol. This convergence of psychosocial, infectious and stress-related biological processes appears to be implicated in the production of greater cariogenic bacterial growth and in the conferral of an increased physical vulnerability of the developing dentition.

Suggested Citation

  • Boyce, W. Thomas & Den Besten, Pamela K. & Stamperdahl, Juliet & Zhan, Ling & Jiang, Yebin & Adler, Nancy E. & Featherstone, John D., 2010. "Social inequalities in childhood dental caries: The convergent roles of stress, bacteria and disadvantage," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 71(9), pages 1644-1652, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:71:y:2010:i:9:p:1644-1652
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Donahue, G.J. & Waddell, N. & Plough, A.L. & Del Aguila, M.A. & Garlan, T.E., 2005. "The ABCDs of treating the most prevalent childhood disease," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 95(8), pages 1322-1324.
    2. Kristenson, M. & Eriksen, H. R. & Sluiter, J. K. & Starke, D. & Ursin, H., 2004. "Psychobiological mechanisms of socioeconomic differences in health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 58(8), pages 1511-1522, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Noha Gomaa & Michael Glogauer & Howard Tenenbaum & Arjumand Siddiqi & Carlos Quiñonez, 2016. "Social-Biological Interactions in Oral Disease: A ‘Cells to Society’ View," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(1), pages 1-19, January.

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