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A fundamental cause approach to the study of disparities in lung cancer and pancreatic cancer mortality in the United States

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  • Rubin, Marcie S.
  • Clouston, Sean
  • Link, Bruce G.

Abstract

This study examines how associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and lung and pancreatic cancer mortality have changed over time in the U.S. The fundamental cause hypothesis predicts as diseases become more preventable due to innovation in medical knowledge or technology, individuals with greater access to resources will disproportionately benefit, triggering the formation or worsening of health disparities along social cleavages. We examine socioeconomic disparities in mortality due to lung cancer, a disease that became increasingly preventable with the development and dissemination of knowledge of the causal link between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer, and compare it to that of pancreatic cancer, a disease for which there have been no major prevention or treatment innovations. County-level disease-specific mortality rates for those ≥45 years, adjusted for sex, race, and age during 1968–2009 are derived from death certificate and population data from the National Center for Health Statistics. SES is measured using five county-level variables from four decennial censuses, interpolating values for intercensal years. Negative binomial regression was used to model mortality. Results suggest the impact of SES on lung cancer mortality increases 0.5% per year during this period. Although lung cancer mortality rates are initially higher in higher SES counties, by 1980 persons in lower SES counties are at greater risk and by 2009 the difference in mortality between counties with SES one SD above compared to one SD below average was 33 people per 100,000. In contrast, we find a small but significant reverse SES gradient in pancreatic cancer mortality that does not change over time. These data support the fundamental cause hypothesis: social conditions influencing access to resources more greatly impact mortality when preventative knowledge exists. Public health interventions and policies should facilitate more equitable distribution of new health-enhancing knowledge and faster uptake and utilization among lower SES groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Rubin, Marcie S. & Clouston, Sean & Link, Bruce G., 2014. "A fundamental cause approach to the study of disparities in lung cancer and pancreatic cancer mortality in the United States," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 54-61.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:100:y:2014:i:c:p:54-61
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.026
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gourieroux, Christian & Monfort, Alain & Trognon, Alain, 1984. "Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Methods: Applications to Poisson Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 52(3), pages 701-720, May.
    2. Saldana-Ruiz, N. & Clouston, S.A.P. & Rubin, M.S. & Colen, C.G. & Link, B.G., 2013. "Fundamental causes of colorectal cancer mortality in the United States: Understanding the importance of socioeconomic status in creating inequality in mortality," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(1), pages 99-104.
    3. A. Colin Cameron & Pravin K. Trivedi, 1986. "Econometric models based on count data. Comparisons and applications of some estimators and tests," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 1(1), pages 29-53, January.
    4. Rubin, M.S. & Colen, C.G. & Link, B.G., 2010. "Examination of inequalities in HIV/AIDS mortality in the United States from a fundamental cause perspective," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 100(6), pages 1053-1059.
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    1. Sean A. P. Clouston & Marcie S. Rubin & Jo C. Phelan & Bruce G. Link, 2016. "A Social History of Disease: Contextualizing the Rise and Fall of Social Inequalities in Cause-Specific Mortality," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 53(5), pages 1631-1656, October.
    2. Changfa Xia & Clare Kahn & Jinfeng Wang & Yilan Liao & Wanqing Chen & Xue Qin Yu, 2016. "Temporal Trends in Geographical Variation in Breast Cancer Mortality in China, 1973–2005: An Analysis of Nationwide Surveys on Cause of Death," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-16, September.
    3. Jennifer Boyd & Clare Bambra & Robin C. Purshouse & John Holmes, 2021. "Beyond Behaviour: How Health Inequality Theory Can Enhance Our Understanding of the ‘Alcohol-Harm Paradox’," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-12, June.
    4. Ángel R. Zapata-Moya & María J. Martín-Díaz & Francisco J. Viciana-Fernández, 2021. "Area-Based Policies and Potential Health Benefits: A Quasi-Experimental Cohort Study in Vulnerable Urban Areas of Andalusia (Spain)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-17, July.
    5. Jinani Jayasekera & Eberechukwu Onukwugha & Christopher Cadham & Donna Harrington & Sarah Tom & Francoise Pradel & Michael Naslund, 2019. "An ecological approach to monitor geographic disparities in cancer outcomes," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(6), pages 1-14, June.
    6. Clouston, Sean A.P. & Rubin, Marcie S. & Chae, David H. & Freese, Jeremy & Nemesure, Barbara & Link, Bruce G., 2017. "Fundamental causes of accelerated declines in colorectal cancer mortality: Modeling multiple ways that disadvantage influences mortality risk," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 1-10.

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