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The carbon footprint of buildings: A review of methodologies and applications

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  • Fenner, Andriel Evandro
  • Kibert, Charles Joseph
  • Woo, Junghoon
  • Morque, Shirley
  • Razkenari, Mohamad
  • Hakim, Hamed
  • Lu, Xiaoshu

Abstract

The carbon emissions associated with the built environment represent the dominant fraction of the total carbon footprint of society. As a result of the intense debate over how to address climate change, Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions Assessment and carbon footprint standards such as the PAS2050, ISO/TS 14067, and the GHG Protocol, are receiving increased attention. However, carbon emission calculations often vary in terms of boundaries, scope, units of greenhouse gas emissions, and methodologies. There is not an internationally accepted method for measuring, reporting, and verifying GHG emissions from existing buildings in a consistent and comparable way. In support of developing a standardized approach, this paper reviews current methodologies for carbon footprint accounting and outlines the inconsistencies of most life-cycle carbon assessments studies. The paper also aims to present the cutting-edge knowledge about emissions resulting from buildings during their life-cycle. The conclusion of this research, after a comprehensive literature review and critical analysis, is that there is a need for a clear, accessible and consistent method to assess the carbon emissions from buildings. The findings in this paper can also support and facilitate the discussion of the meaningful targets required to reduce carbon emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Fenner, Andriel Evandro & Kibert, Charles Joseph & Woo, Junghoon & Morque, Shirley & Razkenari, Mohamad & Hakim, Hamed & Lu, Xiaoshu, 2018. "The carbon footprint of buildings: A review of methodologies and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 1142-1152.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:94:y:2018:i:c:p:1142-1152
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.012
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    17. Yaw-Shyan Tsay & Chiu-Yu Yeh & Yu-Han Chen & Mei-Chen Lu & Yu-Chen Lin, 2021. "A Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model of LCCO 2 for Building Envelope Renovation in Taiwan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-18, July.
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    19. Michał Pierzchalski & Elżbieta Dagny Ryńska & Arkadiusz Węglarz, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment as a Major Support Tool within Multi-Criteria Design Process of Single Dwellings Located in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-21, June.

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