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Feasible process development and techno-economic evaluation of paper sludge to bioethanol conversion: South African paper mills scenario

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  • Robus, Charles L.L.
  • Gottumukkala, Lalitha Devi
  • van Rensburg, Eugéne
  • Görgens, Johann F.

Abstract

Paper sludge samples collected from recycling mills exhibited high ash content in the range of 54.59%–65.50% and glucose concentrations between 21.97% and 31.11%. Washing the sludge reduced the total ash content to between 10.7% and 19.31% and increased the concentration of glucose, xylose and lignin. Samples were screened for ethanol production and fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was optimised for the washed samples that resulted in highest and lowest ethanol concentrations. Maximum ethanol concentrations of 57.31 g/L and 47.72 g/L (94.07% and 85.34% of the maximum theoretical yield, respectively) was predicted for high and low fermentative potential samples, respectively, and was experimentally achieved with 1% deviation. A generic set of process conditions were established for the conversion of high ash-containing paper sludge to ethanol. Techno-economic analysis based on three different revenue scenarios, together with Monte Carlo analysis revealed 95% probability of achieving IRR values in excess of 25% at a paper sludge feed rate of 15 t/d. Feed rates of 30 t/d and 50 t/d exhibited a cumulative probability of 100%. This study presents the technical feasibility and economic viability of paper mills expansion towards bioethanol production from paper sludge.

Suggested Citation

  • Robus, Charles L.L. & Gottumukkala, Lalitha Devi & van Rensburg, Eugéne & Görgens, Johann F., 2016. "Feasible process development and techno-economic evaluation of paper sludge to bioethanol conversion: South African paper mills scenario," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 333-345.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:92:y:2016:i:c:p:333-345
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.017
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Amigun, Bamikole & Petrie, Daniel & Görgens, Johann, 2011. "Economic risk assessment of advanced process technologies for bioethanol production in South Africa: Monte Carlo analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 3178-3186.
    2. Richardson, James W. & Lemmer, Wessel J. & Outlaw, Joe L., 2007. "Bio-ethanol Production from Wheat in the Winter Rainfall Region of South Africa: A Quantitative Risk Analysis," International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, vol. 10(2), pages 1-24.
    3. Naik, S.N. & Goud, Vaibhav V. & Rout, Prasant K. & Dalai, Ajay K., 2010. "Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 578-597, February.
    4. Chen, Hui & Venditti, Richard & Gonzalez, Ronalds & Phillips, Richard & Jameel, Hasan & Park, Sunkyu, 2014. "Economic evaluation of the conversion of industrial paper sludge to ethanol," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 281-290.
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    1. Bousios, Spyridon & Worrell, Ernst, 2017. "Towards a Multiple Input-Multiple Output paper mill: Opportunities for alternative raw materials and sidestream valorisation in the paper and board industry," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 218-232.
    2. Alkasrawi, Malek & Al-Othman, Amani & Tawalbeh, Muhammad & Doncan, Shona & Gurram, Raghu & Singsaas, Eric & Almomani, Fares & Al-Asheh, Sameer, 2021. "A novel technique of paper mill sludge conversion to bioethanol toward sustainable energy production: Effect of fiber recovery on the saccharification hydrolysis and fermentation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    3. Zaman Sajid & Asma Javaid, 2018. "A Stochastic Approach to Energy Policy and Management: A Case Study of the Pakistan Energy Crisis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-18, September.
    4. Furszyfer Del Rio, Dylan D. & Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Griffiths, Steve & Bazilian, Morgan & Kim, Jinsoo & Foley, Aoife M. & Rooney, David, 2022. "Decarbonizing the pulp and paper industry: A critical and systematic review of sociotechnical developments and policy options," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    5. Burman, Nicholas W. & Sheridan, Craig M. & Harding, Kevin G., 2020. "Feasibility assessment of the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass pretreated with acid mine drainage (AMD)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 1148-1155.

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